APPLE DISEASES 71 
few and highly valued on account of their ornamental qualities. 
In any case the value of the operation is as yet uncertain. 
Spraying apples to protect them against sporidial infection is 
unreliable. This is because effectiveness is so dependent upon 
the time of the application. A delay of one day after telial gelat- 
inization makes spraying the apple of no value. The time in 
which effective spraying may be done is not long enough to allow 
for covering a large orchard efficaciously without undue outlay 
for machinery and labor. Where orchards are far enough from 
the cedars to escape severe infection and where only moder- 
ately susceptible varieties exist, the application of a fungicide 
may prove effective. Under such conditions spray the leaves 
as soon as they unfold and keep them protected until the first 
week in June. Subsequent applications should be made often 
enough to protect the new leaves as they appear. Lime-sulfur 
1-40 may be used. Wherever cedars occur and it is not feasible 
to destroy them, the young orchards should be set to resistant 
varieties, avoiding particularly the York Imperial, Rome and 
Wealthy. 
REFERENCES 
Reed, H. S., and Crabill, C. H. The cedar rust disease of apples 
caused by Gymnosporangium Juniperi-virginiane Schw. Virginia 
Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. bul. 9: 3-106. 1915. 
Heald, F.D. The life history of the cedar rust fungus Gymnosporan- 
gium Juniperi-virginiane Schw. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept. 
22:105-120. 1909. 
Giddings, N. J., and Berg, A. Apple rust. West Virginia Agr. Exp. 
Sta. Bul. 154:5-73. 1915. 
Coons, G.H. Some investigations of the cedar rust fungus. Nebraska 
Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept. 25: 217-246. 1912. 
Jones, L. R., and Bartholomew, E. T. Apple rust and its control in 
Wisconsin. Wisconsin Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 257: 3-30. 1915. 
Farlow, W. G. The Gymnosporangia or cedar apples of the United 
States. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. Ann. mem. 1880:1-38. 1880. 
Pammel, L. H. The cedar apple fungi and apple rust in Iowa. Iowa 
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 84: 1-36. 1905. 
Stewart, Alban. An anatomical study of Gymnosporangium galls. 
American Journ. Bot. 2: 402-417. 1915. 
