170 THE GBAPE CULTITEIST. 



from be.ow the ground. I cut away all the old stem, and 

 selected two of the strongest shoots that came up, and 

 cut off the others. These two shoots were kept tied to a 

 stake during the season, the laterals pinched, etc. The 

 next spring the two canes were laid down for arms ; those 

 for the upper tier were twisted around each other, and 

 thei) laid down and fastened to the middle har. 



Fig. 59 shows one of these vines at the present time. 

 Accidents will often happen in vineyards as well as in gar- 

 dens, rendering it necessary to have recourse to some such 

 plan to restore lost arms without loss of time. This is per- 

 fectly practicable, and the final result will he as satisfactory 

 as though there had heen no interference with the, plan 

 laid down at the beginning. Many other variations from 

 the usual course of proceeding might be given, but I have 

 mentioned enough to show that a general principle may bo 

 taken as a guide in grape culture, and still be va,ried to suit 

 the different circumstances attending it. 



TRELLISES IN" GARDENS. 



The same form of trellis described for the vineyard may 

 be used in the garden, varying it in length, height, etc., to 

 suit the position in which it is placed, as well as to meet 

 the wants of any particular vine. The trellis is indispensa- 

 ble, as the vines should never be fastened directly on the 

 side of a building or fence, but should be at least six inches 

 from them ; a foot is still better, as this allows a free cir- 

 culation of air behind the vine, and prevents, in a great 

 measure, the burning of the leaves, which usually occurs 

 when vines are laid against the boards or wall. Besides, 

 the surface on which the vine is trained will soon become 

 defaced by the constant rubbing of the leaves against it, 

 while the accumulation of dust and moisture will cause the 

 rapid decay of the boards ; and even a stone or brick wall 

 wiQ be injured more or less by having vines trained against 



