23S 



BACTERIA IN RELATION TO PLANT DISEASES. 



('05). TiiUMMj K. Bcitraye znr Biologic der fluor- 

 escirenclcii Eakteriuii. Arbciteu aus dem 

 Bakt. Insi. dcr Techni'^clien llochsclude zu 

 Carlsruhe, Bd. i, JS95, pp. 2y)\-y]']. 



Tlie following sutumar}- of the most important results 

 is introdnced in extenso, owing to the difficulty of pro- 

 curing; the original paper : 



1. All nnorescent bacteria show in alkaline jjelatin, 

 iirst a sk;'-bUie, later a moss-green fluorescence, and witli 

 the latter a yellowing of the substratum. Old cultures, 

 with the exception of those of Bacillus fluorescens puti- 

 dus, are orange-red, with a dark -green fluorescence. 



2. All these colors are due to one yellow pigment, a 

 concentrated watery solution of which is orange yellow, 

 a dilute one yellow. Both fluids arebUie fluorescent, but, 

 upon the addition of an alkali, become, according to the 

 concentration, flark-green or moss-green fluoresCi^ut- 



3 All species j^roduce the same pigment. 



4. All are alkali formers. The ]iroductiou of ammonia 

 in many species is considerable, and it is due to the pres- 

 ence of this alkali that the blue fluorescence gives place 

 to the green. 



5. The view of Naegeli, Ledderhose, and Kunz of the 

 formation of a leuco-pigment, and their attempt to trace 

 back the different colorings to oxidation phenomena, 

 has not been confirmed. 



6. Bacillus p3'ocyaneus Ernst, contrary to the view of 

 the other investigators, forms only one pigment. 



7. In potato cultures and on acid gelatin, the same col- 

 oring matter is produced as in alkaline media. The 

 green fluorescence is, in ever}' case, caused by the action 

 of the ammonia, 



8. The a and ;3 forms of Bacillus pyocyaneus difl'er only 

 by the amount of ammonia produced not by a difference 

 in the pigment formed. The a form is a good, the /3 form 

 a poor alkali producer When ammonia is added to a cul- 

 ture of the /5 form, it resembles a culture of the a. form. 



g. When an acid producer and a fluorescent form are 

 grown together in the same culture, the yellow pigment 

 appears normally, but there is no fluore'^cence. 



10. All species have the power of oxidizing grape sugar 

 with the production of an acid. The ammonia formed 

 later neutralizes this, 



11. The addition of sodium formate to the ordinary 

 nutrient gelatin causes an increased ammonia produc- 

 tion, 



12. In hj'drochinon gelatin all sjiecies produce a brown- 

 ish-red color, due to the action of ammonia on the hydro- 

 chinon. This may, under certain circumstances, be used 

 as a test for ammonia. 



13. The behavior of the difl!"erent species in media con- 

 taining difl^erent organic substances is so characteristic 

 that it may serve as a valuable means of differentiating 

 related species. Ammonium succinate, or asparagin, 

 afl^ords good nourishment for all s]iecies. 



14. According to the source of the carbon or nitrogen, 

 the same organism is an abundant or scanty alkali pro- 

 ducer ; e.g.. Bacillus pyocyaneus Ernst is a poor alkali 

 former in nutrient gelatin, but a good one in ammonium 

 succinate. 



15. Each organism shows manifestations of life only 

 when it comes in contact with tne oxygen of the air. 

 Hence, onlj' there do we find pigment and formation of 

 ammonia. 



ih. Forthe formation of the pigment, calcium chloride 

 is entirely unessential, but magnesium sidfate and potas- 

 ium phosphate are of the greatest importance. Gessard's 

 view, that only phosphoric acid is absolutelv necessary, 

 is e]r<jneou-;, nor ma}- itever be concluded thatabsence of 

 fluorescence it due to absence of phosfates. 



17. The stdistitution of calcium for magnesium, and 

 vice versa, does not influence the development of the 

 different species, but in the formation of the pigment, 

 calcium can not take the place of magnesium. 



18. The blue color of a fluid culture of Bacillus pyocy- 

 aneus, iuthe al^sence of phosphoric acid, is never caused 

 by pyocyanin, as Ges^ard a-^suraed, but is referable only 

 I'l refraction phenomena, 



19. The least amount of t>otassiuni phosfate or mag- 

 nesium sulfate is suflficient for the formation of the fluor- 

 escent pigment. Where, in such nutrient solutions, 

 mostly blue fluorescence is to be observed, there has been 

 a decreased amount '>f ammi.uia jiroduced because of the 

 small supply of nutrient salts in the solution. 



20. Bacterium syncyaneum has the ]Kiwer of forming 

 two pigments, a ilmu'escent and a steel-blue one. The 

 fiirmer agrees with thrtl of the other fluorescent species. 

 The latter varies from st^-ebblue to brownish black, ac- 

 cording to the reaction of the medium. 



21. The fluon-sreuce of the /3 form of Kacteniim syn- 

 cyaneum may be produced by cnlli valing il innnimonium 

 bicLate and transferring to iiulrieut gidatin. 



('96). BiEb, Wii.hi;lm. Ucber cinen schwarzes Pig- 

 memlbildcnden Kartoffclbacillus. Ccntralb. 

 f. Bakt., 2 Alit., Bd. 11, 1896, pp. 137-140. 

 ('96). SchEurlKn. Gesohichtliclie tiiid experiment- 

 elle Sttidien iibcr deu Prodigiosus. Arcbiv. 

 f. Ilyg., 1896, Ed. XXVI, pp. I -3 1. 

 ( '96) . GoRiNi, C. Ucber die schwarzen pigment- 

 (bildenden Bakterien. Centra] b. f. Bakt., i 

 Abt, Bd. XX. 1896, p. 94. 

 ("97). EwART, A. J. Bacteria with assimilatory pig- 

 .ments, found in the tropics. Annads of 

 Botany, vol XI, 1:^97, pp. 4S6-487. 

 Author found seven greenish bacteria in water at Biiit- 

 euzorg, Java, showing a faint evolution of oxygen when 

 exposed to light. These were B. chlorinum and Strepto- 

 coccus varians, two forms closely resembling van Tieg- 

 hem's B, vireus and Bact. viride ; another large bacillus, 

 somewhat resembling van Tieghem's B. virens, and two 

 Spirilla. The red Bacterium "photometricum, which is 

 common in Java, gives, on treatment with hot alcohol 

 and extraction with benzine, a green dye which seems to 

 be identical with chlorophyll. 



('97). Thiry, G. Contribuition a I'etude dti poly- 

 chromisme bacterjen. Bacille et Cladotbrix 

 polj'chro.mes : cristaux colores. Arch, de 

 pbysiok, 1897, No, 2, pp. 284-28S. 



('07). Ni;UMANN, RuDOLF. S'tndieii fiber die Varia- 

 bilitat der Farbstoffbildung bei Mikrococciis 

 pyogenes a aureus (Staphylococcus pyo- 

 genes aureus) nnd einigen anderen Spah- 

 pilzen. Arch, f, Hyg., Bd. xxx, 1897. pp 

 1-3 T. I table, 



" Die eine Race kaun also aus der anderen entstehen 

 nnd in eine andere ubergefiihrt werdeu." 



("98). A\'ARn, H. |\T.\RSHAij,. A violet bacillus from 

 the River Thames. Annals of Botany, vol xii, 

 1898, pp. 59-74. One dotil)le plate in color. 



('98). NiEdERkorn. Sec xv. 



('98). RuziCKA. See xv. 



('99). Jordan. Edwtn O. The production of fluores- 

 cent pigment by bacteria. Botanical Gazette, 

 vok xxvii, pp. 19-36. 1899. 



('99). Jordan, E. O. Bacillus pyocyaneus and its 

 pigments. Jour. Exper. Med.. vr>l. iv. Nos 

 5 and 6, 1899. pp. 627-647. 



('99). Boeand, G, W. Uebcr Pyocyanin den blaueu 

 Farli^toff des Bacillus pyocyaneus. Centralb, 

 f. Bakt., XXV Bd., 1899, pp. 897-(j02, with i 

 curve. 

 Very probably B. pyocyaneus forms two pigments. 



CooV Thir-i', Georges. Bacille polychrome et Acti- 

 nomyces mordore. Recherches biologiquc^ 

 snr lies Ivacterics bleues et violeUes. Poly- 

 chronn'suie. Corps bacteniens ot cristaux 

 colores. Ma.ticre cnloranlc cristallisee. 

 Travaux du lal). d'hyg, et de I'inst. serothe- 

 rapiijue de ITlniver. de Nancy. Paris. J. B 

 Balliere c( fils. 1900. pp. viii. 154, 7 plates. 



Contains also a bibliography of i.]! titles on pigment- 

 forming l>acteria. 



(00). Kuntze. A\' Ein Beitrag znr Kcnntnis der 

 Bedinguugen der Fanhstoffbihlung des 

 Bacillus iirofli-iosns. Zeitschr. f. Idyg.. Bd. 

 XXXIV, Tift. I, 1900. pp. t(')0-t84. Pev in Cciv 

 trail) f. Bakt.. xxvni Bd , 1900. pp 602-604 

 With a solution made up nf 100 parts jiure water. 1 to 2 

 asi);ir;igin, ? to i c. p grape sugar, and o.? dipotassium 

 jdiosphale, the author obtained a fail Iv good growth of 

 P. prodigiosus w ithoul color. With the' same solution 

 aud a grri]>e sugar not ([uite pure, there was always a 

 formation of pigment. Thr white liaclrria became pig- 

 mented in a few hours on ])otatn, or on .T.lding a trace. -f 

 (().<.,.! ) of MgSO]. This sul)slauc<' contamiuate.l the sugar 



