-14^ 



BACTERIA IN RELATION TO PLANT DISEASES. 



XXXIII. Action of Heat and Cold on Bacteria. 



('75)- EiDAM, EiiuARD. Die Einwirkung vcrscliicd- 

 ener temperaturcn iind des EintrocI<nens auf 

 die Entwicklimg von Bacterium termo Duj. 

 Calm's Beitriige z. Biol d. Pflanzen, Bd. i, 

 Heft 3, pp. 208-224, B.reslaii, 1875. 



('77) ■ Friscii, A. Ueber den Einfluss niedercr Tem- 

 pcraituren auf die Leloensfahigkeit dcr Bac- 

 terien. Sitzungsber. der K. Acad, der 

 Wissenscli. Wien. Math.-natur.-wi.s.senschaf- 

 ten Clas.se, Mai, 1877, Bd. lxxv, hi A'l>t., 

 pp. 257-269. 



('77). Tyndall, John. On heat as a germicide when 

 discontinuously applied. Proc. Roy. Soc, 

 London, voJ. xxv, 1877, No. 178, pp. 569-570. 



('79). Chamberland, Ch. Resistance des germes 

 des certains organismes a la temperature dc 

 100 degres ; conditions de leur developpe- 

 ment. C. R. des se. de I'Acad. des sci., T. 

 Lxxxviii, 1879, pp. 659-661. 



CS2). LebEdEFF, a. Contribution a I'etude de I'aotion 

 de la chaleur et 'de la dcssication sur la 

 virulence des liquides septique et sur les 

 Torganismcs infcrieurs. Arcliives dc 

 Physiol, normale et Path., Scr. 11, T. X, pp. 

 175-204, 1882. 



('84). PicTET, R., ET Yung, E. De I'action du froid 

 isur les microbes. C. R. des se. de I'Acad. 

 des sci., T. xcvm, 1S84, pp. 747-749. 



('87). Prudden. See xlvi. 



('i^7). EsMARCH, E. Der Henneberg'sche Desinfector. 

 Zeitschr. f. Hyg., Bd. 11, 1887, pp. 342-368. 



('88). Globic. LTeber einen Kartoftel-Bacillus mit 

 ungewohnlicli iwiderstandsfahigen Sporcn. 

 Zeitschr. f. Ilyg., Bd. iii, 1888, pp. 322-332. 



('88) GrueER, Max. Notiz iiber die Wider.stand- 

 fahigkeit der Sporen von Bacillus subtilis 

 gegen Was^erdampf von 100° C. Centralb. 

 f. Bakt., 188S, Bd. iii, pp. 576-577. 



lu six tubes of li:iv infusion inoculated witli spores of 

 K. subtilis, sealed by heating neck in flame, and then 

 steamed '2 hour, there -tvas an abundant growth of the 

 hay bacillus in 36 hours at ,^7'-' C. Subsequently- 21 sam- 

 ples of spores, dried on silk threads and exposed to 

 streaming steain tor 2% hours, in Thursfield's apparatus, 

 grew readily ; in 24 hours, at 35° C. , there was a most lu.x- 

 uriant vegetation. 



('88). Fischer, B. Bakterienvvachstum bei 0° C. 



Centralb. f. Bak-t., Bd. iv, 1888, pp. 89-92. 

 ('90). LusTiG, Alexander. Ein rother Bacillus ini 



Flusswasser. Centralb. f. Bakt., Bd. viii, 



1890, pp. 33-40. 



Lustig isolated a motile bacillus from river water, 

 which grew from room-temperatiire (probably 1=^'^ C 1 to 

 60° C. 



('92). ForstEr, J. Ueber die Entwickehmg von Bak- 



terien bei niederen Temperaturen. Centralb. 



f. Bakt., XII Bd., i8()2, pp. 431-436. 



The kimls of ftacteria able to grow at o'^' are not very 



numerous, but seem to be ^videly distributed, especially 



in water and on the surface and in the intestinal tract of 



fresh-water fish and salt-water fish. 



('93). PiCTET, Raoue. De reniploi methodique des 



basses tempcraitures rn liiologic. Archiv. d. 



sci phys. ct nat., 3e Pcriodc, T. xxx, pp. 



-"I,V3I4, Geneve, 1S93. 



Experiments with higher animals and i)lauts, infiisoiia , 



microbes, diatoms With these two latter, excessive ami 



prolonged cold gave neg.ative resLills The>' v < re sub- 



iected to a tcmpeiature of minus 200". 



('93). Physaeix. Influence de la chaleur sur la pro- 

 priete sporogene du Bacillus anlhracis. 

 Abolition persistante de cette fouction par 

 heredite des characteres acquis. Arch, de 

 physiol. normale et path., Paris, 1S93, T. v, 

 ser. 5, pp. 217-225. 



('94). d'Arshnval et Charrin. Influence des agents 

 cosmiques (electricite, pression, lumiere, 

 froid, ozone, etc.) sur re\ailution de la cell- 

 ule bacterienne. Arch, de phvsiol. normale 

 et path., 1894, T. VI, series 5, pp. 335-342. 



('94). Waedo and Waesh. See xeviii. 



('94). Havemann. Ueber das Wachsthum von 

 Mikroorganismen bei Eisschranktemperatur. 

 (Inaug. Diss.) 8vn , 21 pp., Rostock, 1894. 

 Not seen. 



('95). Sternberg, George M. What shall be the 

 methods followed in determining the rela- 

 tion of bacteria to temperature? Jour. Am. 

 Public Health Asso. Ann. vol. x.\, 1895, 

 pp. 4' 1-414- 



('95). KeEpzoff, Const. Zur Frage fiber den Ein- 

 fluss niedercr Temperaturen auf die vegeta- 

 ti\'en Formen des Bacillus anthracis. Cen- 

 tralb. f. Bakt , XVII Bd , 1895, pp. 2S9-295. 



Espos\ire to intense cold {average — 24'^C.) for 12 days 

 killed the anthrax organism in blood and various organs. 

 Exposure for 25 days (at — i^' to — 24^' C , average — 10.40'-' 

 C.) killed agar cultures. The colonies in agar plates be- 

 came less and less numerous as time passed No spores 

 were present. IvOng exposure reduced the virulence. 



('95). MiouEL, P., FT Lattr.we. De la resistance 

 des spores des bacteries aux temperatures 

 humides e.gales et superieures a 100°. Ann. 

 de mier., T. vii, 1895, pp. 1 10-122, 158-170, 

 and 205-218. 



('99). DannappEe, M.\x. In wie weit ist die hohere 

 ^^'iderstandsfa'higkeit der Bakteriensporen 

 ein allgemeines Cbarakteristikum derselben 

 gegenitber den vegetativen Spaltpilzformen ? 

 8vo., pp. 27, Konigsl->erg, i. Pr., 1899, von 

 E. Karg u. R. Manneck. 



Some spores are said to show onl}' a slight l-esistance to 

 steam at 99^ C. Of 2.S species obtained from soils, decay- 

 ing mixtures, milk, butter, etc., and said to be sporifer- 

 ous. all but three were destroyed bv exposure to steam at 

 9'j'- C for In minutes and all but .s by exposure for ,s minutes 

 while 4 were killed by exposure for as short a time as 15, 

 seconds, and two others by exposure for i minute. The 

 names of these organisms are not .given, so that the e.x- 

 ])erinients cannot be duplicated, and in most cases it is 

 not stated that the sporiferous nature of these bacteria 

 was settled definitely by seeing the spoies germinate. It 

 is possible, therefore, that some of the extremely sensi- 

 tive forms were not actually spore -bearing, but only gave 

 microscopic appearances, which were interpreted as such. 

 It is possil)le, also, that the spores w-ere tested before the\- 

 were fully matured. Only two of the very sensitive forms 

 were examined critically, ow-ing, it is said, to lack of 

 time, and of one of these sensitive forms it is said : "A 

 direct obser\-ation of tlie germination was not undertaken 

 because the spore natin-e of the culture appeared unques- 

 tionable." Even heating for i to 3 minutes at 7s' to So'- C 

 destroyed this organism. Germination of the other -n-as 

 observed. The maximum temperature which could be 

 endured in this case, for i minute, was 7s''' C. Both were 

 green spores. Both were double stained b_\- Moeller's 

 method. 



('99). RavFnEe, M p. The resistance of bacteria to 

 cold New Yi.rk IMcdical News, vol. exeiv, 

 i8()c) Also a separate, 5 pp. Rev. in Cen- 

 tralb. f. Bakt., x.wiii Bd , lono, p. 751. 



Tests in liquid air - B. di]ditheri:e w.-is alive at end of ^n 

 minutes, B. typhi and B prodigiosus at tlie end of im 

 minutes, B. anthracis after 3 hours. 



