ACTION (IF IIICAT AM) (dLli; TirERMOl' 111 LIC BACTERIA. 



-•47 



(■()i|l Smith. Tii1';iii;.\ui. Tin- Ihrniial dL-,-itli pomt 

 I'l Lul)crclc !):ici]!t in iiiill^ and sunu' (")tlier 

 lluivL-,. Journal nf E\|nTinicntal !\[c(l , vol. 

 i\'. [Sni), lip, 217-23;, Rc\- in Centrall). f. 

 I'.akt., .x.wiii r.il , ]<]r,o, p _|n9, 



Whfti i;mbci.Uled in tlie film un Uic surface of milk, lir. 

 ."-^mith round the tnlic-rcle oi;;.-^!iism ix-sisted a tcnipera- 

 Lnrc ol Du- C for an hour. 



( i|!)). K.\S.\XSK^■, M W liic I'.inw n-knnL;- drr W'm- 

 ■Icrkaltc aiif die Pl'.-^I- nnd 1 )ip1itlicriel>acUlcn. 

 Centralli. f ILdxl., x\v Pxl, 1890, \i\>. i_'j-i2| 



Tlitse or,y;anisnis uuli^tuod c.\]iosnrc for h niontlis to 

 severe temperatnris. The\- wete Iro/en all of the time 

 for the first five nnnitlis 1-roni December a to _>s, and 

 ai;ain floai I'elnnary [3 to IMarcli 'i. the maxinnun teili- 

 peratnre was — m' to — 2^ 4" c , an^l the minimum was 

 - la"-' to-33..s-' C 



( 1.1) ). Ij.N'iN S-ar \l,ll, 



( (,i)). MiKiixEsco, Tnr.ui'uR G. L'clicr cmc besonderc 

 Art der Rceanflussung von J\Iikroorgani^- 

 niea dnrcli die Tempcratur. Hygiun. Rund- 

 schau, Jalirg. IX. iSt;9, pp. 961-964. Rev. in 

 Centralli. f. Bakt,, xxvii L!d , 1900, p. 86 



( 00) Mi:vKK, J. IV'lier Einwirkinig flnssiger Lnft 

 auf Baktenen. Centralli f. Bakt , .xxviii 

 Bd , 1900, pii 5ri4-5r;5 



Anthrax spores and Staphylococcus pyo^. aureus were 

 tested The exposure to the liqnid air \'aried from 5 

 seconds to 15 minntes. >.'either organism was killed. 

 The temperature of liquid air is nio'-' to — J2n'-'C .accord- 

 ing to .Spiess, and — iS2'^ to — lu^ ' C. according to Mac- 

 fad\ en 



Cool Sfiir.wTCie. A\' T,. -\xi) W'lxsLow, C. E. A. 

 Experniiental and ^lalistical studies on the 

 intlueiice ni cold upon the hacilhi.s of l_\phoiid 

 fe\"er, and it-~ distrilnitii m Jour, l.-'.ost. Soc 

 .Med Sei . viil. IV, Xu. 7, 1900, pp. 181-182 

 See aEia Centralb. f. Bakt , xxvii Bd , 1900, 

 P C1S4 

 30 to 60 percent of the bacilli were destroyed m water 

 diiring the first hour ot treezing. After exposure for two 

 -weeks QQ per cent were destro\-ed " I'he last two or three 

 lierms per thousand appear to be very resistant, some 

 remaining a'ter twelve weeks of freezing. The fonr races 

 used showed constant individnal dilTerences in tlieir sus- 

 ceptibility to ctild. .alternate treezin.g a' d thawui.g was 

 tested and foiitid onl\- slightly- more destructive than con- 

 tiniion- freezing." .4s several races of typhoid organism 

 were tested, we ma\- infer that ice is Dot \-er\ likely to 

 coinmnnicate t\phoid fever. 



I oeil. l'.\KK. A\'.\i. H.M.r.oCK. .V few experiments 

 upon the effect- of ki\v teniperalin-e and 

 freezing on t\-phoid haeilli Tour l^l^t Soc 

 .Med Sei. \->l. IV, Xo 8, 1900, pp 2!,V2iO. 



Cnltnres weic used from twenty different eases of 

 typhoid fever. They behaved when i'rozen much as Sedg- 

 wick and Winslow's On the average, at the end of 

 twelve weeks' freezing only 0.0s of one per cent remained 

 alive, i e , l,JSo per cubic centimeter as against j,s'-.n,4io 

 per cubic centimeter at the beginning. 



".At twelve weeks Ihe bacilli in the ice from uitie 

 sources are all dead. Two more show no growth in icc. 

 The others contain from 80 to 11,000 in each cc. of ice. 

 Only one, however, contains over 1,000 iculture 9) 

 When typhoid bacilli are in feces, freezing does not 

 exert so' much of an eflect Thu- typhoid and colon 

 bacilli originally 37,'- 00 to a loopfnl of feces, w-. re still 

 12 000 at the end of five weeks' exposure to a temperature 

 ranging daily between zero and ;s-' F , and typhoid 

 bacini as well as colon were still abundant in the leces at 

 nine weeks It is a difficult matter to saj' for just liow- 

 lou'> a period ice made from infected water remains dan- 

 .'croiis. I'he bacilli, even when few in number, are often 

 Ti'-orous and fully virulent, and, so far as I am aware, we 

 fire i'Miorant as to the number of bacilli required to start 

 infection in man. The longer the infected ice remains 

 frozen the less the number of pathogenic bacteria which 

 remain alive in it." 



(01). Park, W. II. Duration of life of typlbjid 



bacilli, derived from tuenty different 



sources, in ice. .\bstract of ptiper read at 



2d mceling Sue. \ni. Bacteriologists, Dec, 



19:10 Ceiitralb. f. Bakt., I Alit,"Bd xxix, 



IQOI, lip. 444-445- 



This describes the completion of an experiment already 



reported upon in part (see above-. At the end of the 



twenty-second week of exjiosure the bacilli were dead in 



all the cultures of each one of the twenty i-uces tested by 



freezing 



I oil. l;'.\uson\'.ai. La pressrjn osraotique et .son 

 role dc defense contre le froid dans la 

 cellule vivaiate. C R des se. de I'.Acad. des 

 -cr, Paris, 1901, T. cxxxiii, pp S4-S6. 



The llnid it] the bacteria is probably not solidified, if 

 the cell IS not inptured, owing to the enormous osmotic 

 pressure in those small organisms. By lowerin;,' the os- 

 motic tension the anilior thinks that an\- cell may be 

 killed b> cold. 



('021 ScH.MiliT-XiKl.bEN. S]i-A'.\l.. Ucher einigc ps>-- 

 chrophile Mikrocirganismen tind ilir \'rir- 

 kommeii Centralli Bakt., Alit, 2, Bd. ix, 

 1902, pp. 145-147. 



('02). M.\ci',\nvEX', .Allen, .\nd Rowi. \Nn, S\'iix'E'i'. 

 On the suspension of life at low tempera- 

 tures. Al.istract of paper read before Sec- 

 tion Ix of the British .Association, Belfast, 

 1902 .'\nnaE of Botany, vol. xvi. 1902, pp. 

 589-500 



Various iKicterial or.gauisms \\ ere exposed from 20 hoiiis 

 to 7 days at i')i:>-' C " These exposures did not produce 

 any appreciable impairment in the vitalit\ of the orgaii- 

 isiiis, etc." .-VlsM In hours at —JS2-' C. the temperature of 

 liquid Indrngen had no appreciable effect on the vitalit\- 

 of the micro-organisms tested. Kacillus typhosus, B. coll- 

 commuuis, .Staphylococcus p\ogeiies aureus and a Sach- 

 aromycete grew after exposure to liiiuid air for six 

 months. "In no instance could an\- iinpiiiriiieiit of the 

 vitality- of the organisms be detected.'' 



The objection to these statements is that quantitative 

 determiuations appear n^t to have been made, at least 

 there is no mention ot an> The writer of this review 

 obtained a decided diiiiiunti<in of the number of viaVile 

 bacteria in several species by exposure to liquid air for 20 

 hours. 



( 02). M,\cFAD\-EN, Allen. On the influence of the 

 prolonged action of the temperaiture of 

 liipiid air on inicrri-nrganisni-, and em the 

 eft'ect of mechanical trituration at the tem- 

 perature of liquid air on photogenic bacteria 

 London, Proc R Soc , vol. LXXI, X'o. 46S, 

 C)ct., 1902, pp. 76-77. 

 " The above experiments show- that a proli.nged expo- 

 sure of SIX months to a temperature of about — ign' ' C. ha-. 

 no appreciable effect on the \-italit\ of micro-organ ism- ' 

 The organi-ms tested were /)' '/yj'hu^ns, Ji. rnU ciin- 

 Uinnis. 'S'''phi/lococci'.i yii/or/^'o-.v c/j/ i-r^ov, and a ^ea-t. 

 The triturated bacteria lo-t their liimiiuisitv . 



('05). Smith and Swingle. See p. S3. 



XXXIV 



-Miru'Ei.. P. Title:- 

 munieipale de Par 



Thermophilic Bacteria. 



Bull, dc la statistiqiic 

 Decemlirc, 1870 



( 81 I 



He discovered in the water of the Seine an immobile, 

 od-shaped Schizomycete capable of li^-iug and develop- 

 ng at the teraperbture of 71 '" C. 



v.\x TiEMiEM, Ph. Snr de- li;ictcriacees 

 \-i\-ant a la tempertilnre de 74° C Bull Soc. 

 bit de France, T 28, 1881, pp. ,l5-,/i 

 This author cultivated s^rveral species oi tlicrmophilic 

 lacteria at 70- C, aud some at hii^her temperatures 



MiijUEL, Thermobacteria. Annnairc de I'Olj- 

 servatuire de "Monl^nuris, pour 18S1, p. 464. 



