2 4^ 



BACTERIA IN RELATION TO PLANT DISEASES. 



(,'86). Certks^ a., et Garrigou. De la presence coii- 

 stante de niicro-organismes dans les eaux 

 de Luchon, recueillies an griffon a la tem- 

 perature dc 64°, et de lenr action sivr la 

 production de la baregine. C. R. des se. de 

 TAcad. des sci., T. cm, 1886, pp. 703-706. 

 ('88). Gloeig. Ueber Bakterien-Wachsthum bei 50 

 bis 70° Zeitschr. f. Hyg., Bd. iii, 1888, pp. 

 204-.^^!. Rev. in Centralb. f. Bakt , Bd. iii, 

 1 8^8, pp. 366-368. 

 Globig obtained 30 sorts of bacteria which prew on 

 potato at .s^"^ C. At 6S^ only a few of tliem contioued to 

 grow. At "n- C. there were only scattering colonies, and 

 at higher temperatures there was no growth. These 

 organisms were not pathogenic to mice. As a rule, 

 growth began at about 50- C ~i. e., about 13 degrees above 

 blood-heat One would not grow at 37-' C. or 50*-' C , but 

 grew at no'-'. One grew all the way from 15-^ or 20'^ C. to 

 oS-' C. Spores were often formed in 24 hours. None of 

 these were from feces or sewage. Most were bacilli 

 (rods). 

 ( 'S8 ) MiQUEL, P. Monographic d'un bacille vivant 

 a au-dela de 70*^ centigrades. Ann. de 

 micro., T.S88, T. i, pp. 3-10, 

 This organism will not grow at temperatures under 40'-', 

 nor above 72'-' i,'. Its optimum temperature is (?v to 70-' C. 



{'(JO). CoHN, Fkriiinand. Ueber A\'armeerzeiignng 

 durcli Scbimmelpilze und Bakterien. Vor- 

 trag., Breslau, 1890. 

 ('93). CoHN, F. Ueber thermogene Bakterien. Ber. 

 ■d. Deutsch. bot. Gcscllsch,, Bd. xi, 1893, 

 Gen. \^ersamlungs-Heft, pp. 66-69. 

 Cohu found that when cotton wool waste was moist- 

 ened, it readied a temperature of 67.2'-' C in 24 to 3*^ hours, 

 and then slowh cooled (6 days) to the air-temperature 

 When the same'waste was sterilized there was no rise in 

 temperature. 



(,'94). Macfadyen, Allan, and Blaxall., Frank R. 

 Thermophilic bacteria. Journal of Path- 

 ology and Bacteriology, vol. iii, 1894, pp. 

 87-99. See also Br. Med. Jour., No. 1760, 

 1S94, p 644. 



These authors obtained from garden soil an abundant 

 growth of thermophilic bacteria on agar at 60"^ to (^5'-' C, 

 They also isolated these organisms from feces, sewage, 

 sea-water, dirt of London streets, Thames water, Thames 

 mud, straw, surface soil, and soil 5 feet 4 inches down 

 These thermo]>hiUc bacteria are, therefore, most widely 

 distributed. There were quite a variety of species— at least 

 twenty. All were bacilli ; all were spore -bearing. Some 

 were actively motile. Active motility continued for three 

 weeks in one hanging drop. The colonies developed very 

 rapidlv in agar-i'dates. Fifteen sorts were tested as fol- 

 lows : " None of them grew at 22-' or at 37° C. Horse -dung 

 organisms gre^v at 40'^ to42'-'C. Si.x sorts grew slowly at ,sr;' 

 to'52'^ C, and more abundantly at ("•" to 6=^"-' C. Two grew 

 first at 56'-', and four refused to grow at 56'^, but grew wlien 

 the temperature was raised to iVP C. None would grow 

 at 75'-'. The lo^\■er limit of growth for nearly all was .so'-' 

 C. and the upjicr near 7s'' C, Boiling for ten minutes did 

 not destro\- these organisms. The optimum temperature 

 for growth is said to be 60^ lo 65*-' C. These organisms did 

 not ferment sugars arid did not thrive on substrata con- 

 taining sugars, these substances seeming to retard growth. 

 One changed starch to sugar. 



Query : How do these organisms e.xist in a climate as 

 cold as that of t'dinburg ? 



(95). IvADiNOwiTscii, LvDiA. UclxT die thcrmo- 



philen Bakterien. Zeitschr. f. Hyg., Bd. xx, 



1895, pp 154-164. Leipsic. 



These thermophilic organisms were found in snow, m 



earth, in the dust of a street in Berlin The}- were very 



abundant in the waterof the Spree (-j,<ni(< to 8,000 per cubic 



centimeter J. They are abundant in Lhr dung of horses and 



cows, and also more or less so in the e.\crement of goats, 



rabbits, .guinea pigs, dogs, mice, do\'es, hens, ducks, pai- 



rots. The\' occui in the whole digestive tract of man. -■ind 



are found in certain fish, frogs, and some otJier cold- 



Ijlooded animals Miss R. also found them abumlciutin 



germinating barley in a brewery. The\ occur also in milk, 



even after it is l>oile'l She isolate*! and studied s ^I'cies. 



All produced spores None were ))athugenic t*. nii._L' or 



doves. The highest temperature at which any of them 

 would grow was 75"^ C, and growth at this higli tempera- 

 ture was slight. There was an abundant growth at 58^ to 

 68"^ C, and the optimum is said to be 60*^ to 70''^. They are 

 very resistant to moist heat and also to drj' heat. They 

 were not killed by exposure to streaming sieam for 5 to 6 

 hours. While growing best at high temperatures, these 

 organisms can grow slowh' facultative -anaerobically at 

 33'-' to 40"-' C, and the author thinks that they multiply in- 

 side warm-blooded animals. She found the temperature 

 of dung-piles as high as 62'-' to 6rf- C. 



(95). Kaklinsky, Justyn. Zur Kenntniss der Bac- 

 terien der Thermalqnellen. Hygienische 

 Rundschau, 1895, Bd v, pp. 685-6S9. 



('96). Tkich, yi Beitrag zur Kemitniss thermo- 

 philer Bacterien. Hygienische Rundschau, 

 1896, Ed. VI, No. 22, pp. 1,094-1.095. 



('98). Laxa, O. Ueber einen thermophilen Bacillus 

 aus Zucker-Fabriksproducten. Vorlaufige 

 Mittheilung. Zeitschr. f. Zuckerindustrie in 

 Bobmen, Bd. xxii, 1898, p. 376. 

 Not seen. 



('98). OprEscu. Studien tiber thermophile Bakterien. 

 Arch. f. Hyg., Bd. xxxiii, 1898, p. 164. Rev. 

 in Centralb. f. Bakt., Bd. xxv, 1899, p. 360. 

 ('99). TsiKLiNSKY, MllE. Sur les microbes ther- 

 mophiles des sources thermal es. Ann. de 

 ITnst. Pasteur, T. xni, 1S99, pp. 78S-795. 

 Bibliog. of 13 titles. 

 The author isolated five thermophilic organisms from 

 hot springs. One form grew readily at 70'^ C 



( 99) ^[jCHAELis, Georg. Beitrage zur Kenntniss 



ficr thermophilen Bakterien. Arch. f. Hyg., 



Bd. xxxvi, Hft 3, 1899. pp. 285-293. Rev. 



in Centralb. f. Bakt.. xxvii Bd.. 1900, p. S37- 



Describes and names four new thermophilic organisms. 



All have three specific names, and one has four, to-wdt : 



Bacterium thermophilus aquatilis liquefaciens aerobius. 



('99)- C.\MBiER. Thermophilic bacteria as ferments, 

 action on glucose. Rev. de phys. et de chim , 

 1899. p. 223. 

 Not seen. 



('02). Russell, PI. L., and JTastings, E. G. A 

 Micrococcus, the thermal 'death limit of 

 which is 76^ C. Centralb. f. Bakt,, ^ Abt„ 

 Bd. VIII, 1902, pp. 339-342, I plate. 

 ('03). Setciiell, A\'m. a. The upper temperature 

 limits of life. Science, n. s., v^'l. xvn, 1903, 

 pp. 9.U-937- 

 Hot springs were studied in three localities in Cali- 

 fornia and in \''ellowstone National Park. Author found 

 onl3' Cyanophvcese and Hacteriain strictly thennal wat'^rs. 

 The CyaiiophvceOL' were found at 65'^ to 6S'^ O , and spar- 

 ingly up to 75,'-' to 77^^ C The bacteria were abundant at 

 70'-' to 71'-', ami occurred in considerable quantity at .S2'- C. 

 and Sy'-'C. " The temperature of Sg'^' C. is the highest at 

 which I have been able to find any organisms living.'' 

 Care was taken to determine the temperatures in tlie 

 exact places frequented by the organisms, so as to remove 

 the objection that lies against many of the earlier obser- 

 vations 



( 75)- 

 (■92). 



I ■),!) 



XXXV. Resistance to Dry Air. 



ElDAM. Sec -XXMJI. 



MiiMfiNT, h. -Nction lie la dessication, de I'air, 

 et de la lumierc sur Ja bacteridic diar- 

 Imnneii^e lil.inieiileiise. Ann. de I'Tnst. Pas- 

 'tem', iMci^, T. VI, ]ip 21-31. 



,Sw,\N, .Vi.i.Kn r. On llie re^islin!.;" vilalily nf 

 the spores nf IVicilhis niegateriuni to the 

 cnndi'tion of dr\nes^ Annals of Botany, 

 vol. VJi, p. I5,)-154, 1S93. 



