I)ISTR!1!UTH)N OF r.A( TJ':RiA ( ;iiO( IRAPlilCAL AND ALTITUDINAL. 



25? 



('S3) iMicjuUi,, I*. Nnuvtfllcs reclierclies sur les hac- 

 Icrics almi)s|)licrif|ucs effccUiees a I'observa- 

 liiirr lU- Miiiitsiiiins. Ann. dc I'nbscrvatoirc 

 ilc MoiiUiiuris ponr I'an 1HS3, jip. 31)1-437 



('83). MiijDi'X, 1*. 11': 1.1 iinrclc en microbes de I'air 



des niiinlanaies el de qnelques cHs'tricts de la 



Suisse. I, a seinaine niedicalc, 18S3, pp. 274" 



270. 

 1 'S3 ) ( ',i.\ci.iS-\, P]iiKO. Stndii sui corpuscoli organ- 



izzati dell'aria snlle alle monta.iinc .Aui R. 



.\ccad. d. sci, di Tdrniri, vol. wni, pp. 263- 



272, 18S3, I plate. 

 ('84). DH FrEuuKnki.ich, Ed. 1 'es niicrolje.^ de I'air 



(les mnntagncs. La scmaine niedicale, H 



.■^eplenlbre, 18S4, pp. 3(11-3112 



RtlaLe^ to ^Larcn\ of hacLtiia in Lheair at lny:h alti- 

 tudes. Ill tlK-.sTmniicr, 111 the Benie>e .^Ip^-, ni four jilaces 

 11 1 altitude- \ar\-niL: from 2,1.00 to 4,01.0 111 etc r^. a total of 271.1". 

 litres of air were a--]Mraled \\itlioiit fiudin.ei ain" bacteria. 

 The follow luii' sniunicr tests \\-ere made on a t;iacier 2,900 

 meters hl^h and on the summit of a mountain 2,366 

 meters hiiih, ve^etatnin reachiiiL; nearly to the top. On 

 tile .!2"lacier 2.000 litres of air were aspirated in six por- 

 tions. Two of the sow nu2s remained sterile. One .Erave a 

 mierocoeciis, anotlier B. subtilis, one after more than 15 

 da\s i^'avc a toriila. and one a mold. " II nous resterait 2 

 hacteries pour 2.i.'ii . 1 1 tres, sol t uii ])ar metre cube." In 

 Bern the author sa\s he obtains hiiii<lreds and thousands 

 of bacteria per ciibie meter usim; the same delicate 

 methods. 



The experiments oil the mountain yielded 8 bacteria 

 from 2, 32,s litres id" air. 



('84). DE FrEudEnki'.K'ii. Eiiiili.\kd. Rcchcrcbes sur 

 les organismes vivants dc i'air des hautes 

 altitudes. Arcliiv. des sci. physi(|ucs et nat- 

 nrelles, 3c Periode, T. dnuzieme, Geneve, 

 1884, lip '365-3S7. 

 Author shows that the piirit\' of the air on mountains 

 IS much greater tliaii fornier writers lia\-e supposed. 



('84I. Mliil-EI,, r Des 

 I'air de la mer 

 pp. 90-92. 

 ('84). llESsE, W. Iteber quantitative Restimmung 

 der in dcr Ruft Entbaltenen Alikroorgan- 

 ismcn. Wittb a d. K. Gesundheitsamte, 

 Rerlin, \'iil. 11. 1884, pp, 182-207. 

 ('851. JMiiirEL, P. Seqitienie niemnirc sur les or- 

 ganismes microscopiqucs de I'air et des eaux. 

 .-\miuaire de I'nliscrvatoirc de ^Ljiitsouris 

 pour I'an 1S85, pp. 407-01 1. 

 The part relatino- to iiiicroori2anisius in the sea-air 

 be.trins on p, SU- Th is siil .jei t is also treated in the report 

 of'the observatory for isso, pp. 535-5,so. 



('.SO) Rel'iiER. . Ztir Eakteriolngie des Bodens. 

 Ueutscbc mcd. Wndienscbr, Bd. xii. 1886, 

 pp. 4''4-4i'''' 



I'.SO). Fisci-iEK, B. Bakteriiilngische Untcrsuchnngen 

 auf einer Reisc nacb AVestindien. Zeitschr 

 f. Idyg, Bd I, 188(1, pp. 421-464- 

 This paper discusses the microor,5:anisms and spores 

 found in sea-air 



CSO) ViJWiET/ LEodoed. Untcrsuchungen uber die 

 nicdereii Pilze der Ackerkrume. Rraugural 

 Oisscrtation, 78 pp , 2 Taf., Reipzig, 1886 

 Krv in Cenlrall. f. B.akt., 1887. Bd. i, pp. 

 8-10. 



('87) Pe-iki R T Zusammcnfassendcr Bericht nber 

 Nacbweis und Bcstinmnmg der pflanzlicbeii 

 Microorganismen in der Luft. Centralb. t. 

 Bakt Bd. II, 18^7, pp. 113-11S ""d i5i"RSS. 



irganismes microscopique de 

 Ra scmaine medicalc, 18S4, 



{'87). 



( '87 ) . 



(•89) 



( 80) 



IV'Iaggior.x, A. Riccrcbe quantitative sui micro- 

 organismi did snulu imi speciale riguardo, 

 airinqnin.aziiine 

 della R Aerad 

 1887, Aiil. xx.w 



FraenkEe, C \ke 



del mrdesimii Giornale 

 nia de medicina di Torino, 

 Series 3, pp. 1 53- 172- 



Untersuebtingcn uber das 



Vorkommen vmi Mikrorirganismen in ver- 

 scbiedcnen Ri idenscbicblcn. Zcitschr. f. 

 Ilyg, 1887, Bd. 11, pp ,^21-582 



REimErs, John. I'eber den (.'>ehalt des Bodens 

 an Bactericn Zeitsebr. f. Hyg., 1889, Bd. 

 vn, pp. 307-346. 



ReuiERS, Joii>', I'elicr den Gebalt des Bodens 

 an Bactericn. Riatig. Dissert Jena, 1889, 

 Svo , 44 pp , Reipzig, Yeit u. Conip. Re- 

 viewed in Ccntralli "t B.akt , i .M)t , Bd. x, 

 1891, p. 489. 



"Die Zone dieser plol/.liihei 

 iiii Jenenser liodeii — w le iiu It 

 metres," 



Ke nil vei 111 i lldnullLC lleet 

 rimer — / w iselien i iiud 2 



( '90J Kr,\AIEr. See I I 1 



('91). !\I \xEREii]. See XI. 111. 



('03). Cristi.\xi, 11. .\nal_\sc liactcrii ili igiqtie de I'aii 

 des hauteurs puisc pendant tin voyage ei 

 ballon ,'\nn. de I'hist Pasteur, T. vii, pi) 

 65,s-(57i. 



At elevations above 



the cultures rei 

 litres of air w as al 

 media. R\eii at 

 colonies arc belie\" 

 rectlv, i.e., b\- wa\ 



the siul of i,oco meters and upward 

 ■d steiile althoii)2ii 111 each case 10 

 wed to bubble throilKli the culture 

 iicli lower levels the majority of 

 to ha\'<- come from the earth indl- 

 if the balloon. 



('93). DucEAEix, E. Ra dislriliution de la matiere 

 or.ganiquc et des niicrnlies dans le sol. Revue 

 eritique. .\nn dc I'liist Pasctir, T. vii, 

 1893, pii. 82,5-833 



('97'). MoRiTZ, (")TTo, tiND Neomakn, R. O. "Ueber 

 cmigc bakterii ili igiscbe A\'assernnterstiehnn- 

 gen im .Vtlantiscben Ozcan. Centralb. f. 

 Bakt. 2 Abt., ]bl. xiii, UJ04. pp 481-489. 



('991 Rex'IX. Les niicriibcs d.ans les regions arc- 

 tiques. .Villi dr I'fnst Pasteur, T. xiii, 1899, 

 Pl^. 558-567 



The arctic air \\ as tested lu twent\" places, approxim- 

 ateU' the same aiiioiint beiiii^ filtered at each place, A 

 total of 21,600 litres of this lilteri d air \ ielded three bac- 

 terial colonies and a fi.-\\ mold spnres The surface waters 

 of tlie arctic also contain (\-\v liacteria. Ninety sajn]des 

 of water w ere taken from the sea a I i^reat depths i i.ooo to 

 3,000 metres) , These samples also contained bacteria of 

 several kinds but in small niinibers The temiierature at 

 this depth IS lielo\v zero centi.e^rade "Tout uii moiide 

 de liacteries existe a uiie temperature qui descenrl jiis- 

 qii'a 2"' an dessoiis de y.Cro " 



('oil ("i.vzERT. TdAxs Bakteriologische Anfgaben 

 der deulschen Sndpolar-Expcdition. Peter- 

 manns gcn.gr }i[illeil., I'd xi.vii, 1901, pp 

 R53-155 



('01). Belei, C. M Chemisclic, mikroskopisclie und 

 bakterirdogiscbc LTntcrsueliun.gcn uber den 

 Ha,gel. PLv.'s' Rdscb., Berlin, Bd. xi, 1901, 

 pp. 1,181-1,187. 



('02). BiNijT, Jean. Etude bacterinlogiiinc dti massif 

 du mont Blanc. Nature, Paris, ( ler semest ), 

 K)02, pp 35ii-3(i2, av. fig. C, R, des se, de 

 I'Aead, des sci , T, cxxxiv, 1902, pp. 673-671'!. 



