Catarrh of the Frontal Sinuses in Cattle. 105 



later, with a muco-purulent fluid, the escape of which is prevented 

 by the closure of the nasal outlet by sweUing. This of itself pro- 

 duces violent headache and much nervous disorder as witnessed 

 by the drooping head, closed eyelids, prostration, high fever, 

 anorexia, and in cows suppression of the milk secretion. But 

 there is reason to believe that this is aggravated by the septic 

 germs, which inspired with the air, were already present in the 

 sinus, and which in the comparative absence of oxygen, in a rich 

 culture medium and in contact with injured and debilitated tissues, 

 assume an enhanced pathogenic r61e. This may serve to explain 

 the ulceration of the mucosa of the sinus found in subjects that 

 have suffered for some time. It further explains the notorious 

 fact that the free access of air (oxygen) to the inflamed sinus is 

 one of the most helpful therapeutic measures. 



Symptoms of the Acute Form. When the disease is traumatic 

 the first symptom is usually a haemorrhage from the nose, the 

 blood being of a bright crimson. Respiration is hurried, and ap- 

 petite diminished, yet rumination may be imperfectly performed. 

 The bleeding may be repeated for days in succession, but the ox 

 is still capable of work. On the fifth or sixth day there is com- 

 plete anorexia, rumination ceases, the head sinks, resting on the 

 manger or soil, the ears droop forward and downward, and may 

 be swollen. The head inclines to the affected side, the corres- 

 ponding horn is intensely hot, and the eyes are closed. lyight 

 percussion of the forehead on the affected side gives pain, and the 

 sound elicited is flat and dull as compared with that from the 

 opposite side. The temperature of the body rises 2° or more, the 

 pulse becomes frequent, full and hard and the impulse of the 

 heart abnormally strong. Costiveness, partially suppressed and 

 high colored urine, and dry hot muzzle betray the fever. Unless 

 reliteved the chronic form may supervene. 



Symptoms of the chronic form. When this comes on 

 slowly, working oxen get emaciated, lose appetite, have the eyes 

 dull and sunken, and the lids drooping, the coat rough and star- 

 ing and the skin harsh, dry, and lacking in pHancy, the head is 

 carried low when out of the yoke and, after shaking the head and 

 sneezing, a glairy, slightly foetid matter escapes from the nostril. 

 The breath is foetid and appears to be offensive to adjacent cattle. 



