148 Veterinary Medicine. 



(Gamgee). 2nd, Polypi and other tumors of the nose, pharynx, 

 larynx, windpipe or bronchi. 3rd, Chronic thickening of the 

 nasal mucous membrane, the result of inflammation. 4th, The 

 presence of foreign bodies in the nose, as for example balls 

 coughed up from the pharynx. 5th, Hering records a case re- 

 sulting from the closure of the posterior opening of one nasal 

 chamber by a membrane. 6th, Cancerous or melanotic deposits 

 in the lymphatic glands above and to each side of the pharynx 

 and larynx. 7th, Distension of the guttural pouches by inspis- 

 sated pus. 8th, Chronic thickening of the mucous membrane of 

 the larynx consequent on inflammation. 9th, The formation of 

 a projecting fold of the mucous membrane or of a new production 

 (false membrane) in the windpipe as the result of inflammation. 

 Such false membranes have been known to become detached at 

 their median part and remain attached at their two extremities thus 

 constituting a band stretching from one side of the windpipe to the 

 other. loth. Ulceration of the membrane of the larynx particu- 

 larly on the projecting folds circumscribing the glottis, nth. 

 Ossification of the laryngeal cartilages and loss of their elasticity. 

 1 2th, Distortion of the cartilages of the larynx, most commonly 

 from unduly tight reining and pulling the nose in toward the 

 chest. In such cases the cartilages of the larynx and those of 

 the windpipe adjoining being compressed slide within each other, 

 and the enclosed edge projecting within the air tube materially 

 diminishes its calibre. 13th, Fracture of one or more rings of 

 the trachea. This usually results from blows, as in running the 

 neck against the back of a cart or wagon. The cartilaginous 

 rings are usually broken at their median part in front and being 

 retained together by the investing elastic tissue which enables the 

 pieces to move on each other as by a hinge, and being approxi- 

 mated by the contraction of the trachealis muscle above, the ring 

 is flattened from side to side and the channel for the passage of 

 air correspondingly decreased. This flattening can be easily felt 

 by the hand, in the living horse. 14th, A pecular congenital 

 distortion of the trachea caused by the curling in of one end of 

 each cartilage of the windpipe and the straightening out of the 

 other. This occasionally proceeds so far that the gullet is lodged 

 in the interspace overlapped and hidden by the free ends of the 

 cartilages, the diameter of the windpipe being proportionately 



