178 Veterinary Medicine. 



pulmonary consumption, dilatation of the heart, foreign bodies 

 in the heart, and dropsy of the pericardium. 



If accompanied by clear resonance' over the chest, a permanent 

 wheezing noise heard over the ribs, and the small, weak wheezy 

 cough, it indicates emphysema (broken wind). If with strong 

 impulse of the heart against the ribs behind the elbows, venous 

 pulse in the jugulars, and modification of the second sound of the 

 heart, it bespeaks cardiac dilatation or other heart disease. If 

 with paroxysmal cough, white curdy nasal discharge and harsh 

 rasping sounds heard at the lower part of the trachea or along 

 the upper part of the lungs it betrays chronic bronchitis. 



REIvATlVE POSITION OF THE LUNGS, HEART AND 



OTHER ORGANS IN THE DIFFERENT 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



Relative positions of thoracic organs. Diaphragm, heart, lung, in horse, 

 ox, sheep, pig, dog. Palpitation. 



The chest is that portion of the trunk closed in on each side by 

 the ribs, above by the bones of the back, below by the breast 

 bone, and behind by the diaphragm. It forms thus a cone flattened 

 from side to side anteriorly, and with its base, represented by the 

 diaphragm which slopes obliquely from above downward and for- 

 ward and bulges forward in the centre to a greater or less extent 

 according to the plenitude of the stomach and bowels. It results 

 from this arrangement of the diaphragm that a very thin layer of 

 lung only reaches to the posterior part of the chest, and that 

 beneath this are solid and hollow abdominal organs which modify 

 the results of physical examination. 



In the Horse the anterior third of the chest is covered later- 

 ally by the bulky and muscular shoulders so that it cannot be 

 satisfactorily examined. In the median line of the chest, at a 

 point corresponding to the third, fourth, fifth and sixth inter- 

 costal spaces, is lodged the heart. It deviates slightly to the 

 left side below and by virtue of a notch in the lower border of 

 the lung is enabled here to reach the surface and its beats may 

 be felt by the hand laid on the side of the chest just behind the 

 left elbow. 



