190 Veterinary Medicine. 



of the shoulder and over the scapula is more distinct than in the 

 same region of the horse. 



Left Side. In the upper third 2. clear respiratory murmur is 

 heard over the 8th, 9th and loth ribs but is lost about the nth. 

 In the middle third the vesicular sound is feeble at the lower 

 margin of the region and immediately behind the shoulder because 

 of the proximity of the base of the heart. Towards the upper 

 margin it is loud and harsh being complicated by the tubal sound. 

 It is full and clear over the 7th rib whence it decreases in force to 

 be lost at the nth above and the loth below. In the lower third 

 the double heart beat is alone heard over the lower part of the 

 4th rib, the respiratory murmur reappears over the 5th and 6th 

 whence it becomes weaker and is lost at the lower and upper 

 margin of the region respectively over the 8th and 9th ribs. 



Right side. The sounds of the upper third simply repeat those 

 of the left side. In the middle third the chief difference is the 

 greater clearness and strength of the respiratory and tubal sounds 

 immediately behind the shoulder. In the lower third a moder- 

 ately strong respiratory murmur is rendered harsh by a tubal 

 sound due to the proximity of the large bronchus going to the 

 anterior lobe of the right lung. The respiratory murmur con- 

 tinues with diminishing force to be lost over the 8th and 9th ribs. 



Accidental but healthy sounds. These are more loud and 

 frequent in the ox than in the horse. There is the same irregular 

 rumbling and gurgling especially on the posterior parts of the 

 chest. Gurgling as from a full bottle inverted is often clearly 

 heard over the last six ribs on the left side, and appears due to 

 the passage of liquids between the paunch and honey comb bag. 

 An occasional sound as of water falling into an empty barrel is 

 heard in the same region in cases of slight tympany and after 

 saliva has been swallowed. Rumbling sounds are chiefly heard 

 over the last ribs on the right side where the large and small 

 intestines are situated. The superadded sounds in the ox are 

 those of crepitation ajaA friction. The crepitatio7i or fine crackling 

 due to a dryness of the areolar tissue under the skin is frequently 

 present in oxen in average health. A fine crepitation is also heard 

 on the left side from the bursting of myriads of minute bubbles 

 of air generated among the contents of the paunch during the 

 process of digestion. This is especially marked after the animal 



