Auscultation. 191 



has fed on green food or potatoes. A loud friction or rubbing 

 sound, which may be imitated by placing the back of one hand 

 upon the ear and rubbing the palm of the opposite hand upon it, 

 is likewise heard over the left side after eating. It is produced by 

 the movements of the paunch during contraction and not being 

 synchronous with the respiratory acts cannot be confounded with 

 the friction sounds of pleurisy to be hereafter noticed. 



Sheep. The diaphragm being attached to the last rib as in the 

 horse the respiratory murmur may be heard to the second last. 

 The shoulders being more movable than in the ox the anterior 

 part of the chest can be more satisfactorily examined. The vesi- 

 cular murmur is heard along the whole lower third on the left side 

 though the heart sounds are superadded over the 4th, 5th and 

 6th ribs. Crepitation from the subcutaneous areolar tissue is 

 rarely heard. Otherwise the sounds of the chest and abdomen 

 correspond to those of the ox. 



Goat. This animal differs from the sheep mainly in the 

 greater force and clearness of the respiratory murmur. 



Pig. It seems ridiculous to speak of auscultating the pig, yet 

 he is sometimes thin enough and quiet enough to permit of one 

 obtaining satisfactory results. Gentle treatment and scratching 

 the back and abdomen will often persuade him to be temporarily 

 quiet and docile. The vesicular murmur is very clear in the 

 middle third of the chest on either side, but diminishes gradually 

 on the last six ribs, and disappears on the second last. It is much 

 less intense in the upper and lower thirds. In the posterior part 

 of the chest rumbling and gurgling abdominal sounds are frequent. 



Dog. The respiratory murmur is very clear over the whole 

 chest. It is most intense along the middle third and becomes less 

 clear on the four or five last intercostal spaces. The mobility of 

 the shoulder permits an examination of nearly the entire chest. 

 The respiratory murmur may be heard over the entire length of 

 the lower third on the left side though the heart's sounds are 

 equally heard over the 4th, 5th and 6th ribs. Rumbling and 

 gurgling abdominal sounds are much less frequent than in her- 

 bivora and omnivora. 



Birds. The respiratory murmur is loud, clear and almost harsh 

 on the sides of the thorax, beneath the wings, and considerably 

 softer as heard on the back. 



