HEMOPTYSIS. 



Causes, over-exertion in plethoric, glanders, pulmonary tubercle, 

 petechial fever, embolism, aneurism, ulcerated new formations, anthrax, 

 septicsemia, hsemorrhagic diathesis. Symptoms. Inappetence, cough 

 cold limbs, rigor, hard pulse, jugular pulse, violent heart beats, unsteady 

 gait. Discharge, bloody, crimson, frothy, with cough, without acid, ex- 

 cited breathing, debility. Indications from pre-existing disease. Treat- 

 ment, quiet, elevated head, cold irrigation, ice bags, acetate of lead, opium, 

 ergot, matico, tannin, iron, oil of turpentine, laxatives, cool stable. 



The term hamoptysis (at/xa, blood, •jttuu), I spit, ) is now entirely 

 restricted to bleeding from the lungs and lower air-passages. It 

 is a very rare complaint in the lower animals, but is sometimes 

 seen in both horse and ox. In very plethoric subjects the over- 

 loaded circulatory organs give way in the delicate membrane, 

 lining the ultimate bronchial tubes and the air cells. The ex- 

 iciting cause in such cases is usually some severe effort of draught, 

 a violent gallop, or other unwonted exertion. It occurs in gland- 

 ers from rupture of caseated pulmonary nodules. It does not 

 appear to be so common in phthisis in the lower animals as in 

 man, but one case occurred under the eye of the writer in which 

 the bursting of a large tubercle in the lung of a cow involved the 

 rupture of a considerable vessel with a fatal result. Pulmonary 

 embolism and infarction, petechial fever, aneurism, ulcerated 

 neoplasms, anthrax, and septicaemia are additional causes, 

 lyastly haemoptysis sometimes takes place in hsemorrhagic sub- 

 jects without any appreciable rupture of vessels, the blood sweat- 

 ing from the surface of the bronchial mucous membrane. 



Premonitory symptoms are sometimes noticed, such as dull- 

 ness and lassitude, loss of appetite, a frequent short cough, 

 coldness of the limbs and surface, shivering, full, hard pulse, 

 pulsation in the jugulars, tumultuous action of the heart and un- 

 steadiness of gait. 



More commonly it comes on suddenly as the result of severe 

 muscular strain or excitement. The blood flows from the nose, 

 and rarely from the mouth in solipeds, but indiscriminately from 

 both in other animals. It is bright red, clear, frothy, or mixed 

 with mucus, and variable in amount. It is easily distinguished 

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