LeukcBtnia. Leucocythamia. 533 



is not inoculable. The enlarged liver has resumed its embryonic 

 function of developing nucleated red cells, and contains mitotic 

 leucocytes and giant cells. The haemoglobin in the blood is di- 

 minished, and the specific gravity of the liquid lowered. The 

 blood is less alkaline, and in some cases it shows less potassium 

 and chlorine, and more phosphorus, sulphur and sodium than 

 normal (Freund and Obermeyer). As in anaemia all unhygienic 

 conditions are invoked as causes. That it is not due to simple 

 hypertrophy or irritation of the leukogenic centers is plain, as it 

 does not follow on ordinary diseases and injuries of these parts, 

 but what is the precise nature of the morbid cause has so far 

 eluded us. 



Symptoms. Pallor of the visible mucous membranes, listless- 

 ness, lack of energy and endurance, breathlessness and perspira- 

 tion on the slightest exertion, ardent thirst, rapidly advancing 

 emaciation, unsteady gait, stiffness or lameness, lies most of the 

 time, walks with pendent head, and jaws open, small, weak 

 pulse, anaemic murmur in the heart, enlarged lymph glands, or 

 spleen felt beneath the left lumbar transverse processes in the ox, 

 or in the left h5rpochondrium in the horse. Bleeding from the 

 nose or elsewhere, slight haemorrhage into the conjunctiva, irri- 

 table conditions of the bowels, diarrhoea and dropsies are sug- 

 gestive. The blood when obtained in epistaxis or drawn by a 

 needle prick may be pale rose, brownish or greyish brown instead 

 of red, and under the microscope shows the enormous excess of 

 leucocytes — the ratio to the red being sometimes 1:2, or even 

 more, in the human subject. In the domestic animals the fol- 

 lowing ratios have been made by actual count : i :85 (I^eblanc 

 and Nocard), 1:50, 1:45 (Mauri), 1:20 (Nocard), 1:15 (Siedam- 

 grotzky), 1:12 (Forestier and I^aforque). The normal average 

 for the domestic animal according to Nocard is i :900. This great 

 relative excess of white globules serves to distinguish this malady 

 from anaemia, and its persistency is a means of diagnosis from 

 tranisent leucocytosis. 



The red globules are always reduced in number in the horse 

 and dog to 5,082,000, and sometimes even to 2,050,000 per cubic 

 millimeter, while the normal is 7,500,000 (Nocard). 



In clotting, the blood forms an extensive buffy coat, and in 

 solipeds which normally show this, the blood set in a test tube 



