THE WALNUT — ENEMIES. 35 



_ Soft-shells include all nuts having a soft shell, and take in the 

 improved varieties of the so-called " English " walnut, and foreign 

 varieties of this texture. 



Paper-shells include varieties of walnuts having an extra thin shell. 



The walnut-growers of Southern California have agreed upon a uni- 

 form method of grading, which is by passing the nuts over a screen with 

 a one-inch mesh, and making two grades only for the market. The 

 paper-shells are kept separate, and sold as a fancy grade. The marketing 

 methods adopted by the cooperative societies are to receive the nuts 

 from the growers as they come from the orchard, and sulphur, grade, 

 sack, and sell them. 



The walnut is marketed in sacks, specially made, and holding about 



120 pounds. Some, however, use the common grain sack, holding 



^ about 65 pounds. Before sacking, many growers place the walnuts in a 



wire cylinder of one-inch mesh, the friction of which on revolving gives 



the nuts a smooth appearance, and thus adds to their commercial value. 



(14) ENEMIES OF THE WALNUT. 



The walnut, so far, has fewer enemies than most trees, and the few 

 that attack it are not considered detrimental to its culture in a high 

 degree, for they are easily subdued. These are treated of separately in 

 this chapter. 



EED SPIDER. 



Tetranychus telarius. 



This spider, or mite, attacks different species of trees, shrubs, etc., 

 also the walnut. It is very small, and can hardly be seen without the 

 aid of a glass. 



This insect, while not very troublesome on the walnut, is kept in 

 check by dusting sulphur over the trees. The lime, sulphur, and salt 

 solution, applied in winter, and the summer remedy, given below, have 

 practically exterminated the pest on walnut trees. 



Winter Remedy.— Vnslacked lime, 40 pounds; sulphur, 20 pounds; 

 stock salt, 15 pounds; water to make 60 gallons. Place 10 pounds of 

 lime and 20 pounds of sulphur in a boiler, with 20 gallons of water, and 

 boil over a brisk fire, for not less than one hour and a half, or until the 

 sulphur is thoroughly dissolved. When this takes place, the mixture 

 will be of an amber color. Next place in a cask 30 pounds of unslacked 

 lime pouring over it enough hot water to thoroughly slack it; and, 

 while it is boiling, add the 15 pounds of salt. When this is dissolved, 

 add to the lime and sulphur in the boiler, and leook for half an hour 

 longer, when the necessary amount of water to make the 60 gallons 



should be added. „ . i- j /ooo/\ o j 



Summer Remedy —SulTphur, 3 pounds; caustic soda (98%), 2 pounds; 

 whale-oil soap, 25 pounds; water to make 100 gallons. Boil the sulphur 

 and caustic sod^ together in about 2 gallons of water; when the sulphur 

 becomes dissolved, add the soap and boil until thoroughly dissolved, 

 then add water to make 100 gallons of solution, and apply warm. 



