42 



ELEMENTARY BOTANY. 



10. A conspicuous irregularity in the flower is caused by 

 the production of appendages of various kinds. One petal in 

 the Violet is prolonged so as to form a spur ; this organ is 

 tubular and generally contains nectar, or sweet substance se- 

 creted by the flower. Some species of Dicentra are two-spurred. 

 All the petals of the Columbine have spurs. Sometimes there 

 is only a gentle swelling or blunt outward projection (as in 

 Adlumia), which is denoted by the word saccate. Sometimes 

 sepals or petals are eared or crested ; or they have, like the 

 pink, a projection (corona) at the point where the claw or 

 narrow part of the petal joins with the spreading lobe or 

 limb. 



11. When there is no adhesion or growing together of the 

 calyx and corolla, the former is plainly inserted below the 

 points of insertion of the corolla, stamens and pistils. In 

 such cases (Fig. 61) the calyx is said to be free or inferior ; or 



Pistil , the calyx and corolla are said to 



be hypogsmous (Gr. hypo, under ; 

 gyna, pistil). The cohesion may 



^yAnther 



PeduTicle 



Fig. 61. 



Fig. 62. 



Fig. 63. 



be to the extent shown in Fig. 62, where the petals and stamens 

 are inserted on the calyx-tube. The petals are then said to be 

 perigynous, though the calyx is free. The calyx-tube may be 

 consolidated with the lower part of the pistil or ovary; the 

 calyx is then adherent or superior; in this case the parts 

 appear to be inserted upon the pistil (ovary), and are there- 

 fore said to be epigynous (Fig. 63). If the adhesion does not 

 extend so far up (half-way), the calyx is said to be half-superior. 

 12. The stamens consist of two parts, namely, the fllament 

 (Lat. filum, thread), or slender stem ; and the anther, or en- 



