8 PRACTICAL BOTANT. 



lar ducts, and commonly furnished with distinct foliage. 

 The Orders of this class are : the Horse-taUs (Equisetacese) ; 

 the Ferns (Filices); the Chjih-mosses (Lycopodiacege) ; 

 Adder-tongues (Ophioglosseae), and QuiUworts (Khizocar- 

 pese or Hydropterides). 



CeUulaT Cryptogams are flowerless plants, destitute of 

 vascular ducts. "We divide them into leafy and leafless 

 cellular cryptogams. 



The Leafy division comprises the Cha/ra fwmihj (Cha- 

 racege), the Li/verworts (Hepaticse), and the Mosses (Musci 

 frondosi). 



The leafless division, that of the Thallojphytes, consists 

 of the Lichens (Lichenes) ;* the Mushroonm and Moulds 

 (Fungi), and the Seaweeds (Algae). 



39. Ph^enogamSj to which om- ordinary herbs, shruhs, 

 and trees belong, are the higher grade of plants. Their 

 flowers produce seed. The seed contains a readyformed 

 embryo, or rudimentary pla/ntlet. (PI. III. Id) 



30. The Eiribryo consists of the Radicle (stemlet, axis), 

 1 or 2, rarely more, Cotyledhns (leaves), and the PVwmule. 

 The Plumule (a little bud) contains, in a rudimentary 

 state, the future stem and leaves. 



31. The -organs of the flowers are, some of them, in- 

 dispensable to the production of seeds, while others serve 

 merely to protect and support them. 



33. Thus we distinguish two kinds of floral organs : a, 

 the ESSENTIAL ORGANS, which are the Pistils and Stamens, 

 and 5, the pkotecting organs, which are ih^ floral leames, 

 also called Perianth or Perigone. 



33. A Pistil is the seed-bearing organ of the flower, 

 and distinguished into three parts — namely, beginning 

 from below, the ovary, the style, and the stigma. (Plate 

 IV., 6c.) 



