34 PRACTICAL BOTANY. 



Scabrous : rough, or harsh to the touch, as the stem oi 

 Equisetutn hiemale y 



Eamose: bristle-prickly backward, as in Galium Apa- 



Aculeate: armed with thorns, as the Eose and common 

 Greenbrier ; 



Echinate : prickly with rigid hairs ; 



Ciliate: bearing on the margin a fringe of cilia (hain 

 or bristles), somewhat resembling the eyelashes. 



B. COMPOUND OEGANS. 

 AA. ORGANS OF VEGETATION. 



76. The chief result of the nutrition of plants is th( 

 deposition in them of carbon ; and their general and propei 

 nutriments are water, carbonic acid, ammonia, and sul 

 phur. 



(The permanent fabric of the plant, or its real tissue, ai 

 distinct from the sap, consists of three elements — namely 

 carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, as we have stated in § 20 

 Other substances are sonietimes deposited between tin 

 tissues, as, for example, silex; and other elements al 

 ways enter into the sap — ^namely, with carbon, hydrogen 

 and oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. These are indis 

 pensable to the protoplasm. Besides these, however 

 vegetables also take in potassium, calcium, magnesium 

 iron, phosphorus, chlorine, etc. Iron seems to b 

 necessary for the formation of the green chlorophyl 

 Calcium, in the form of a salt, introduces sulphuric an- 

 phosphoric acid into the plant, and renders the oxali 

 acid harmless by combining with it. What physiologies 

 ends may be accomplished by phosphorus, chlorine, potai 



