STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 61 



Gynandroiis stamens are seen in Aristolochia and in 

 all Orchids (§ 61. PI. XI., 45 ; XIII., 12a). 



111. The ANTHER is usually borne at the top of the fila- 

 ment. As has been stated in § 109, it usually consists of 

 two lobes. Each of these lobes is generally 1-celled ; in 

 rare cases, however, 2-celled (whole anther, 4-celled), as in 

 Tetranthera. Most anthers arc 4:-celled, when young, so 

 that a slender partition runs longitudinally through each 

 cell, which it divides into two portions, answering -to the 

 upper and lower layer of the green pulp of the leaf. Here 

 and there we meet with 1-celled anthers. They become 

 1-celled either by confluence, the two cells of the kidney- 

 shaped anther (PI. lY., 5c) running together into one, as 

 in the Mallows, in Verati-um, etc., or by the obliteration 

 and disappearance of one half of the anther, as in the 

 Globe Amaranth of the gardens. In Pentstemon (see 

 Fig. g in Cut XI.) they are almost confluent. 



113. There are three modes of attachment of the an- 

 ther to the filament. The anther is said to be, a, in- 

 nate when it is fixed by its base to the very summit of the 

 filament, turning neither inward nor outward ; the 

 connective, in this case more or less conspicuous, is at- 

 tached by two opposite sides to the anther-cells (see 

 Cut XI,, Fig. a) \ h, adnate, when both cells are placed on 

 one side of a broad connective, leaving its opposite side 

 free (Figs. I, d, e) ; c, versatile, when it is fixed by a point 

 near ita middle to the apex of the filament, so as to be 

 freely movable — for instance, in (Enothera, and in all 

 grasses (Fig. c). 



The ADNATE ANTHEE is either extrorse or introrse ; ex- 

 trorse (turned outward), when it occupies the outer side 

 of the connect! le, looking toward the floral envelopes, as 

 in lAriodendron (Fig. V), Asarum (Fig. e). Iris, etc. ; in- 



