84 Smuts (CH. 
the fungus is very noticeable. It lowers the price of 
the flour even if present only in small quantities, and 
is sometimes sufficient to render it unsaleable. There 
is no evidence of infected grain causing any damage 
when fed to stock. 
Remedial Measures. 
The three methods given above for the treatment 
of smuts are also effective in keeping down bunt, and 
one of them should always be used. The precautions 
given above should also be closely followed. 
The experiment with smut of oats should be 
repeated, using wheat grains for sowing and bunted 
grains to infect the clean grains with the spores of the 
bunt fungus. 
PART Il 
CHAPTER VIII 
INTRODUCTION TO INSECTS 
We have dealt with some of the plant diseases 
caused by fungi and will now turn our attention to 
those caused by members of the animal kingdom. 
By far the greater number of these diseases are due to 
the ravages of insects. 
Popularly most small animals such as flies, beetles, 
butterflies and spiders are considered as insects. 
Scientifically animals are classified into groups accord- 
ing to their structural characteristics. The following 
