60 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 



of the disease, but it is frequently found in the large intestine. 

 The various classifications, such as duodenitis, jejunitis, ileitis, 

 typhlitis, colitis, and proctitis, are useful only to the anatomist, 

 but not to the clinical observer. Proctitis is frequently seen in 

 the dog in an isolated form. 



Pathological Anatomy. The effects of catarrh of the in- 

 testines is practically the same as in all irritations of the mucous 

 membranes. In the acute form the membranes may be swollen 

 and reddened through the entire intestine, or it may be confined 

 to spots where it is reddenei and congested and the membranes 

 raised and covered over its surface with flaky, slimy epithelium. 

 In very bad cases there is a large number of these epithelial masses 

 or spots. These masses of inflamed follicles become grayish- 

 white in color and project from the membrane or finally become 

 ulcerated. In some diseases where there is severe catarrhal in- 

 flammation of the mucous membranes we find a sympathetic 

 inflammation of the intestine, in some cases even a necrosis from 

 which ulceration of the bowels follows. The author had one case 

 under his observation where a young dog died from a diphtheritic 

 ulceration of the bowels. 



In the chronic form the redness is less intense ; the mucous 

 membrane may even be pale or livid gray in color. In rare cases 

 it is slate color. The swelling is more regular and covers over 

 more area, forming a true hyperplasia of the membrane; the inner 

 surface of the bowel becomes irregular and uneven with projections 

 over the entire surface. In some cases the membrane forms true 

 polypus formations, due to circumscribed hyperplasia of the con- 

 nective tissue. Where there has been cystoid degeneration of the 

 follicles the intestinal secretions are stopped entirely. It is from 

 the chronic form that ulceration of the stomach generally origi- 

 nates. 



Clinical Symptoms. The most prominent symptom of intes- 

 tinal catarrh is diarrhoea, especially if it is confined to the large 

 intestine, although there may be no diarrhoea whatever if the in- 

 flammation is confined to the small intestine, as it is well known 

 that the absorption of the fluids and the formation of the feces are 

 confined to the large intestine, and we often have intense inflam- 

 mation of the small intestine, with profuse diarrhoea, without 

 having the large intestine infected whatever. On the other 



