PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE LUNGS. 103 



a person they know, will start a severe coughing spell. The 

 respiration is always dyspnoeic and accompanied by a stenotic 

 bruit when from the results of some diseased condition there is 

 a contraction of the larynx. Auscultation of the larynx is per- 

 formed by placing the ear directly on the larynx. Normally the 

 sound is a slightly wheezy respiration. Rubbing, creaking, or 

 rattling sounds indicate more or less liquid accumulations (mucus, 

 pus, or blood); wheezy, gasping, snoring sounds indicate severe 

 swelling of the mucous membrane or tough mucus (chronic ca- 

 tarrh) ; it may also indicate the presence of tumors, membranous 

 accumulations, and paralysis of the muscles of the larynx. 



A local examination of the larynx can be made both externally 

 and internally. Externally the larynx can be examined for frac- 

 tures or dislocation of the cartilages, for oedematous, phlegmonous, 

 or emphysematic swellings of the part or its surroundings, and 

 sensitiveness to pressure always indicates some irritation of the 

 larynx. 



The internal examination of the larynx is very easy and simple, 

 except in cases where the animal is very vicious; the method of 

 keeping the mouth open is fully described on page 27, and then 

 by means of a spatula or the handle of a spoon the tongue can be 

 depressed or pulled out of the mouth witli a pair of blunt forceps; 

 the examination should be made near a window or by means of a 

 lamp ; the light can then be thrown into the posterior portion of 

 the throat. In vicious animals, they can be put under ether or 

 stupefied by morphine. When the mouth is opened and the tongue 

 depressed we can easily see the entire pharynx and the upper wall 

 of the larynx, and in some cases a part of the windpipe. In acute 

 catarrh the mucous membrane of the larynx is injected and red, 

 and covered with slimy white or yellowish mucus. In chronic 

 catarrh it is not so red, but the raucous membrane has a number 

 of bluish-red vessels running through it, and covered with tough, 

 glassy, or purulent mucus; the membranes are sometimes granular; 

 we may also find at the entrance of the oesophagus foreign bodies, 

 tumors, or abscesses. 



Physical Diagnosis of the Lungs. 



The lungs of the dog consist of a number of layer-like portions 

 which are united by the bronchia and connective tissue; the ana- 



