PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE LUNGS. m 



not of much practical use in the dog. The first method is the 

 best, especially with restless animals. 



The ear distinguishes the true respiratory and accessory sounds. 

 In the former we hear a vesicular respiratory bruit, which has a 

 lapping character; aud the bronchial respiratory bruit, which is 

 a blowing murmur; and, lastly, an indistinct respiratory bruit, 

 which is a slight soft murmur. 



The vesicular r. splratory bruit is heard when any portion of the 

 lung that is filled with air lies against the wall of the chest. In 

 normal inspiration the sound is a smooth, regular murmur, the air 

 going directly into the alveola without any resistance. This sound 

 can be increased very much even during health by active move- 

 ments or daring excitement ; it is also much clearer and louder in 

 emaciated animals where the walls of the chest are thin. The 

 vesicular murmur is always much louder in young animals, and 

 especially in puppies ; the murmur is also noted in expiration in 

 animals under nine mouths. According to the amoimt of irrita- 

 tion, the vesicular murmur is lessened in bronchial catarrh where 

 there is much swelling of the mucous membrane and secretions 

 collected ; in stenosis of the upper air-passages ; in emphysema of 

 the lungs ; in certain stages of catarrhal pneumonia ; in pleuritic 

 or dropsical exudations; in thickening of the pleura from the 

 deposit of lymph-masses, tumors, or cedema. 



It disappears entirely in croupous pleuritic effusions, in pneu- 

 mothorax, and in closure of one of the large bronchial tubes. 



The vesicular murmur is increased in dyspnoea in portions of 

 the lungs that are healthy when other parts are diseased, the 

 healthy portions doing all of the work ; this is especially seen in 

 bronchitis, where the smaller bronchia are plugged up with secre- 

 tions. We occasionally find an irregular vesicular murmur in 

 healihy dogs, but it is also heard in cases of bronchitis; this mur- 

 mur is only heard on inspiration.. 



The murmur of expiration is very slight; in normal cases it can 

 hardly be heard; it is quite plain when the breathing is strong 

 after excitement, action, etc., especially in young dogs and those 

 animals that have a thin chest-wall. According to the diseased 

 condition, the sound is strengthened, varied in tone, and pro- 

 longed. 



The bronchial respiratory bruit (bronchial breathing, wheezing 



