EXAMINATION OF THE URINE. 155 



bone, and being free to a certain extent it can be pushed into the 

 abdominal cavity by the finger. When we have hypertrophy of 

 that organ we distinguish it by a hard enlargement extending in 

 all directions in the pelvic cavity. 



Examination of the Bladder. 



The bladder is almost entirely covered by peritoneum and lies 

 just anterior to the brim of the pelvis, or in some cases it lies en- 

 tirely in the abdominal cavity. When the bladder is very much 

 distended it extends as far as the umbilicus and fills up the lower 

 portion of the abdomen ; it can be distinguished by manipulation. 

 It is a round, distended, tumor-like body, with a dull sound on per- 

 cussion. On examination per rectum we not only feel the neck of 

 the bladder and the prostate, but the bladder itself can be easily 

 distinguished. Tumor or stones in the bladder can be felt by 

 pressing down toward the wall of the abdomen, and the animal 

 ■evinces more or less pain when the bladder is distended and any 

 pressure put on it. 



It is very hard to make any examination of the kidneys that is 

 of any practical value, as will be seen from the plates on Figs. 

 32 and 33, as they lie high up toward the spine and are well pro- 

 tected and covered by the intestines and also by large collections 

 •of fat. In some animals with loose, flabby abdominal walls, or 

 when a large collection of fluid has been removed from the abdom- 

 inal cavity, we can examine the kidneys. We can, however, dis- 

 tinguish any specially large body, such as tumors of the kidneys 

 or perinephritic abscesses, by manipulation. 



Examination of the Urine. 



The urine has to be examined as to its amount, color, transpar- 

 ency, reaction, weight, odor, and the presence of certain foreign 

 or chemical substances. 



The properties of normal urine are described in all works on 

 physiology, and concerning pathological urine the author would 

 refer you to such works as the Treatise on Microscopy and Chem- 

 ical Diagnosis of Diseases of Domestic Animals, by Siedamgrotzky 

 and Hofmeister; the Qomparative Physiology of Domestic Animals, 

 by EUenberger; and also a Text-book of Clinical Methods of Exami- 

 nation, by Friedberger and Frohner. The author will confine 



