156 DISEASES OF THE UBINABY AND SEXUAL APPABATUS. 



himself to a slight summary of the distinguishing characters of 

 urine, both normal and pathological. 



Amount of Urine. The amount of urine passed in one day 

 depends largely, of course, on the size of the animal, the quantity 

 of fluids it drinks, and the temperature of the atmosphere. The 

 average amount of urine passed by a dog is from 0.5 to 1.5 kilo- 

 grammes daily. A decrease in the amount of urine passed indicates 

 that the water of the body is being taken up through some other 

 channel, as in violent diarrhoea, great salivation, during the for- 

 mation of pleuritic or peritoneal exudates, or in dropsy, in fevers, 

 in decrease of the pressure of the heart, as in valvular defects, 

 myocarditis, etc. An entire stoppage of the urine may occur in 

 inflammation of the kidneys, in obstruction of the urethra, paral- 

 ysis or rupture of the bladder, from calculi in the bladder or 

 urethra, from stricture of the urethra, or from swelling and pressure 

 of the prostate. 



An increase of the amount of Urine (polyuria) may be due to the 

 presence of a large amount of water in the blood (ana;mia, hydrse- 

 mia), in atrophy of the kidney, where there is great reabsorption 

 of exudates; in diabetes mellitus (a condition that corresponds to 

 diabetes insipidus in man). This, however is extremely rare in 

 dogs. "We may see it after the administration of the different diu- 

 retics. It is frequently seen in convalescence from acute diseases. 



Constant dribbling of urine indicates paralysis or weakness of 



the bladder. 



t 



The Color of the Urine. This varies in the healthy dog from 

 pale yellow when it is thin, to dark yellow when it is concen- 

 trated. Food also has a certain influence on the color. After 

 eating fat it is reddish -yellow, and after meat it is light yellow; 

 after eating sugar and bread it is dark yellow, and when the ani- 

 mal is starved it is deep yellow. Disease has also a great effect 

 on the color. It is a deep yellow color in fevers, and pale or 

 colorless in diabetes, general anaemia, and atrophy of the kidneys; 

 a green or light brown in diseases of the liver and catarrh of 

 the duodenum; a greenish-black color after the absorption of tar 

 preparations or carbolic acid ; a red color from santonin, rhubarb, 

 and senna (in these cases there is always an alkaline reaction). The 

 appearance of blood in the urine indicates grave conditions. In 

 hsematuria we may see the color vary from bluish-red to almost 



