EXAMINATION OF THE VBINE. 



157 



Fig. 46. 



black, the color correspoading to the number of blood-corpuscles 

 present, and in hsemoglobinuria the coloring-matter is granular 

 or dissolved blood-coloring matter, actual blood-corpuscles rarely 

 being present. Both the above conditions may exist simultane- 

 ously in some cases. (The test for coloring from blood is to be 

 be found under hsemoglobinuria). 



Transparency and Reaction of the Urine. When the urine 

 has been recently passed it is clear and transparent, and has an 

 acid reaction. After feeding with bread for some time it is turbid 

 and alkaline. After feeding with fat it is alkaline. In patholog- 

 ical conditions when the urine is recently passed it is turbid and 

 filled by mucus and epithelium, pus-cells, triple phosphates. An 

 alkaline reaction generally indicates catarrh of the bladder, or we 

 may see it in hematuria, in reabsorption of large exudates, and 

 in hemorrhage into the abdomen or thorax. 



Odor of the Urine. There is a slight penetrating odor in 

 normal urine. In cases of catarrh of the bladder the urine has a 

 strong ammoniacal odor, and when there is any 

 amount of turpentine absorbed the urine has a 

 faint smell of violets. 



The Specific Gravity of the Urine. This 

 varies in the dog between 1016 and 1060. It 

 can be tested either by means of Vogel's uri- 

 nometer or if we have only a small quantity we 

 <5an test it readily by the areapikometer. This 

 instrument the author has found to be very use- 

 ful. It is shown in Fig. 46. Place the urine 

 to be tested into the receptacle C. Fill it full, 

 taking care that there are no air-bubbles in it. 

 Close it and then sink it in water at 15° R. 

 The specific weight of the urine will then be 

 marked on the scale. 



As a rule, it will be found that dark uriue has 

 a high specific gravity and light-colored urine 

 has a low specific gravity. But there are ex- 

 ceptions to this, for in diabetes mellitus the urine is clear and 

 high in specific gravity, while in nephritis it is dark in color and 

 has a low specific gravity. Dark urine seen during starvation 

 has a low specific gravity. 



Areapikometer. 



