158 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND SEXUAL APPARATUS. 



Foreign Substances in the Urine. The following substances 

 appear in the urine under pathological circumstances : 



Mucus. This is found in the urine under all conditions, both in 

 health and disease, and when any of the urinary passages are 

 inflamed it appears in larger quantities, especially in catarrh of 

 the bladder. 



Blood-corpusdes. If the blood is mixed in the urine evenly 

 and the corpuscles are reduced in size and cylinders are present, it 

 indicates hemorrhage from the kidneys. This condition is always 

 present in acute nephritis, in the early stages of the disease. If 

 the urine is bloody at irregular intervals, it indicates hemorrhage 

 from the pelvis of the kidney, generally as a result of calculi. 

 When the blood is not mixed with the urine, but comes down in 

 a mass, the diseased condition must be in the bladder. This indi- 

 cation is not always certain, as we may see the blood evenly mixed 

 with the urine in diseased conditions of the bladder, such as cystitis. 

 When the blood is passed just before the urine or follows after the 

 last of the urine has passed, it indicates hemorrhage from the 

 prostate or urethra. 



Pus or White Blood-corpusdes. When there is a considerable 

 quantity of pus passed it indicates the opening of an abscess in 

 the prostate. "When a smaller quantity is present it indicates 

 the presence of some inflammation on the mucous membranes of 

 the urethra, and it is also seen in some inflammations of the 

 kidneys. We can obtain definite information as to this condition 

 by making a microscopical examination of the epithelium, and see 

 whether any cylinders are present or not. 



Fat may be seen in drops on the surface of the urine or shortly 

 after it has been passed. In very fat animals this may be seen as 

 a normal condition, and where animals have had large quantities 

 of fat given to them it also indicates the fatty degeneration of the 

 epithelium of the kidneys. It is also present in the various dis- 

 eases of the kidneys. Do not make a mistake when you have 

 passed a well-lubricated catheter and see oil floating on the urine 

 to think it is a pathological condition. 



Epithelium. In health there are always a few epithelial cells 

 passed, but when' they are present in large quantities it indicates 

 some active inflammation going on in some part of the urinary 

 tract, and a microscopical examination of the cells to ascertain 



