EXAMINATION OF THE URINE. 



15& 



their size and shape will indicate the section of the track that they 

 come from. Large quantities of squamous epithelium indicate an 

 irritable condition of the bladder. (Fig. 47.) Where we iind 



Fig. 47. 



Epithelium found in the urine : o, from the bladder ; b, from the ureters ; 

 c, from the pelvis of the kidney. 



hyaline cylinders, granular cylinders, epithelial cylinders, or casts 

 of blood, then we can feel assured that there is some disease of the 

 kidneys. Blood-cylinders indicate hemorrhage of the kidneys. 

 Epithelial cells in large numbers indicate great desquamation of 

 the epithelium, as in acute parenchymatous nephritis. Hyaline 

 or epithelial cells when mixed with pus-cells indicate nephritis. 

 Hyaline and granular cells are present in all diseases of the kid- 

 neys and always in albuminuria. (Fig. 48.) 



Uric cylinders : a, hyaline cylinders ; 5, epithelial cylinders ; d, granular 

 cylinders ; c, blood-cylinders. 



Crystals and Bacteria. When we find collections of precipitates 

 in the urine and indications of alkaline fermentation, the urine 

 being alkaline in reaction, and containing crystals of triple phos- 

 phate and in rare instances crystals of uric acid, it indicates a 

 severe irritation of the bladder. Elongated strings of bullet-like 

 bacteria and numerous pus-cells indicate a purulent condition of 



