EXAMINATION OF THE URINE. 161 



hydrothorax. The horizontal position of the dog does not, how- 

 ever, cause such a great disturbance in the posterior extremities 

 when the smaller bloodvessels are congested as it does in man 

 {Dieckerhoff). 



Albumin will sometimes be found in the blood from ansemia, 

 leukaemia, in acute poisoning, and from high fevers, but in the 

 latter condition we generally find that there is more or less nephritis 

 or a slight parenchymatous degeneration of the Itidneys present. 



Sugar. The grape-sugar test is generally made when an animal 

 has loss of appetite and polyuria and becomes generally emaciated. 



The test is Trommer's. 



Trommer's test for sugar : Put a few cc. of urine in a reagent 

 glass, taking care to first see that there is no albumin in it, and if 

 so coagulate it and filter it out. Take the urine and dilute it with 

 an equal buUv of water, and reader it alkaline with a small quan- 

 tity of sodium hydrate, then add drop by drop a 4 per cent, solution 

 ■of cupri sulphas until the liquid is clear and the sediment dissolved, 

 then heat it until it boils, and if sugar is present we see a reddish- 

 yellow vapor appear at the surface of the fluid. 



In diabetes mellitus a large quantity of sugar is found. This 

 •disease, however, is extremely rare in the dog. It is also found 

 when the animal has been fed on a pure sugar diet. Siuety 

 ■observed it in bitches that were nursing, especially when the pups 

 "were prevented from nursing for some time. The author cannot 

 say whether it is found in the dog as in man, in certain cases of 

 poisoning, and from some neurotic causes. 



Coloring Substances of the Bile. The coloring substances of the 

 bile are found quite frequently in the urine of the dog. 



The presence of the coloring substances in the bile indicates an 

 obstruction in the excretion of bile. It may often be seen in 

 oatarrh of the intestines and in the gastric form of distemper. 

 Icterus is the most common cause of this condition. (For further 

 information, see Icterus.) Frehner found this also in neurosis and 

 bronchial forms of distemper, in some diseases of the Icidneys, in 

 pleuritis, and in great heart-weakness. Voigt also found it in 

 animals that were starved. Bile acids in the urine are of no diag- 

 nostic value in ihe dog. 



11 



