CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 165 



treatment is to try to lessen the strain thrown on the kidneys by 

 trying to carry the fluids out of the body by some other channel 

 than the kidneys. (Fig. 50.) This can be accomplished to a 

 certain extent by giving the animal hot baths or by warm bandages 

 around the body, and by active purgatives, like senna or cascara 

 segrada, also jalap and calomel. 



R. — Res. jalapse 0.1 



Hydrarg. chlor. mite 0.05 



Sacchar. alba 0.6 



M. F. pulv. No. vi. S. — One three times daily. 



We can also try pilocarpine, which produces great salivary secre- 

 tion in the dog. Diuretics must not be used in nephritis, as they 

 increase the secretion of salts, especially the alkalies. Heart-weak- 

 ness must be counteracted by means of heart-tonics. General 

 debility should be treated by general stimulants, such as brandy, 

 whiskey, or sherry, in very small animals. Use clysters of chloral 

 hydrate to counteract convulsions. 



Chronic Inflamtuation of the Kidneys. 



(Ohronie Nephritis ; Nephritis Chronioa.) 



Etiology. Chronic nephritis originates, as a rule, from acute 

 nephritis, or starts in a mild form and gradually becomes chronic. 



Pathological Anatomy. There are two forms of chronic 

 inflammation of the kidneys : first the large white kidney (Chronic 

 Parenchymatous Nephritis), and the atrophic or hard kidney 

 (Chronic Interstitial Nephritis). The first condition is generally the 

 forerunner of the second, but, as the hard kidney is most frequently 

 found in post-mortems, it is possible that it may develop as a pri- 

 mary condition. The white kidney is enlarged from the normal size, 

 and has a smooth yellow or irregular yellow-colored surface. The 

 cortical portion is yellowish in color, while the pyramids are red. 

 In some cases we find the kidney large and red, or alternated red 

 and yellow, or covered with hemorrhagic spots. The atrophic kid- 

 ney (shrunken or contracted kidney) results from an increase of the 

 interstitial substance and atrophy of the parenchymatous substance. 

 It is hard and tough on its surface. It has small, watery-like 

 irregularities and granulations. The capsule is thickened, and it 

 is hard to strip from the body of the kidney. The cortical sub- 



