] 76 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND SEXUAL APPARATUS. 



Stone in the Bladder. 

 [Lithiasis.) 



Etiolosy and Pathological Anatomy. The various lithic 

 formations that are found in the bladder may be subdivided into 

 urates, oxalates, phosphates, and cystates. 



Urates. These consist of uric acid, or uric acid salts, or both 

 in combination. They are small, hard, yellowish or reddish-brown 

 bodies, having a smooth surface, and on cutting through the centre 

 are found to be in concentric layers or strata. 



Oxalates are chiefly composed of oxalic acid and lime salts, 

 and also more or less mixed with uric and phosphoric acids. They 

 are hard, brown in color, and have an irregular mulberry surface. 



Phosphates. These are composed of phosphoric acid, lime, and 

 triple phosphate. They are gray-white in color, and, as a rule, 

 are soft and friable. 



Cystic Stones. These are soft, wax-like bodies, having a 

 shiny, crystalline, irregular surface. 



All these lithic deposits contain besides their inorganic ele- 

 ments numerous organic element-!, such as epithelium, blood- 

 cells, mucus, etc. 



The size to which these calculi may grow is considerable. In 

 Dresden there is a calculus taken from a German boar-hound that 

 is 11 cm. long and 7.5 cm. wide, 6 cm. thick, and weighed 490 

 grammes when fresh. Tiny are generally started in their forma- 

 tion in the pelvis of the kidney, and, generally, from some for- 

 eign body, such as a blood-clot, a piece of mucus, epithelium, 

 etc., around which the sediment in the urine forms and gradu- 

 ally the crystalline elements accumulate. This deposit is especially 

 favored in cases of cystitis, where the urine is undergoing alkaline 

 fermentation and produces a copious sediment in the urine. 



Paul Bert and Studensky found by experiments that the food 

 and fluids that the animal takes may have a certain influence on 

 the formation of stone in the bladder. The former mentions two 

 cases in which one was fed exclusively on meat and the other on 

 vegetables. On post-mortem of the animal fed on meat there was 

 found a phosphatic calculus, but no trace of inflammation of the 

 urinary organs. 



