206 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



consists of applications of cold compresses around the head, of 

 enemas, and, when there is a weak, irregular pulse present, of 

 cardiac stimulants. 



Great hemorrhages of the cerebral membranes are marked by 

 the same symptoms as apoplexy of the brain. Apoplexia men- 

 ingia occurs generally in connection with violent traumatisms of 

 the skull, such as shocks, concussions, fractures, etc. The blood 

 is generally found in the cerebral membrane between the dura 

 mater and the skull. It may also be observed in the subarachnoidal 

 chamber and in the brain-cavities. The symptoms are similar to 

 those of apoplexy of the brain, but, as a rule, convulsions appear 

 earlier, and the animal, while he may present symptoms of coma, 

 makes a much quicker recovery. The treatment is similar to that 

 of cerebral apoplexy. 



Inflammation of the Brain. 



From a pathological standpoint we have to make a distinction 

 between inflammation of the hard cerebral substance (pachymenin- 

 gitis) and that of the soft cerebral membrane (leptomeningitis). 

 However, this classification need not be used in a clinical way, 

 because in the dog the described forms run their course with the 

 same symptoms. 



Etiology. Inflammation of the brain is primarily a result of 

 traumatism, such as sunstroke, great psychical excitement, over- 

 exertion, etc. This occurs secondarily from disease, such as dis- 

 temper and pyaemia, also with suppuration in the skull, in inflam- 

 mation of the frontal cavities from parasites, and purulent in- 

 flammation of the ear (in connection with external otitis). 



1. Inflammation of the Dura Mater. Pachymeningitis. The 

 dura mater is covered with a number of small hemorrhages. It 

 is loose and easy to tear, and over the surface is a collection of 

 bloody purulent masses of exudation. In the later stages of the 

 disease we see a circumscribed or extended thickening and adhe- 

 sion of the covering to the base of the skull or to the soft cerebro- 

 membrane. 



2. Inflammation of the Cerebral Membrane. Leptomeningitis. 

 The arachnoid is loosened and dull. The subarachnoid chambers 

 are filled with more or less torpid fluid. The pia mater is hyper- 



