EPITHELIAL TUMORS. 349 



mask and the bottle being greatly improved in ''Hobday's" 

 apparatus. 



It consists of a mask that has the form of an elongated blunt 

 cone, having a stopcock at one end where the tube enters that 

 carries the anaesthetic into the apparatus. This is fixed on the 

 head by means of a collar, and a circular continuation of the cone 

 made of soft cloth, which is adjustable, is fitted over the face. A 

 container with a broad base to prevent any chance of it being over- 

 turned contains the anaesthetic. This container has two openings — 

 one to connect the tube and the other to allow the admission of air to 

 mix with the vapor of the anaesthetic. Connecting the container and 

 the mask is a bulb apparatus usually seen on the thermo-cautery. 



The muzzle apparatus is fixed on the animal's head, and by 

 means of the bulb the mixed vapor is blown into the muzzle and 

 directly on the animal's nose, thus preventing the irritation of the 

 direct contact of the ether or chloroform. By means of the stop- 

 cock the supply of vapor can be stopped instantly, or, if need be, 

 the whole apparatus can be slipped over the animal's head or the 

 rubber tube can be pulled from the container and a supply of pure 

 air blown directly on the animal' s nostrils. 



The most important requirement, after the use of the anaesthetic, 

 is controlling the hemorrhage in large operations. In operations 

 on the extremities we may use for that purpose the bandage recom- 

 mended by Esmarch. The member must be held high and the 

 blood removed by frictions made by the hand from the periphery 

 toward the proximal end, then place a rubber bandage around the 

 limb above the part that has to be operated upon. This method 

 not only gives us a clean field for operation, but it enables us to 

 find numerous little arteries which may have been overlooked, and 

 which begin to bleed as soon as the bandage is removed. We find, 

 as a consequence, fewer consecutive hemorrhages than were for- 

 merly noticed. This method must not be practised under any 

 circumstances where there is any risk of introducing pus or puru- 

 lent matter into the blood. For instance, in purulent cellular 

 inflammation of the tissues, gangrene, etc. In such cases we avoid 

 any manipulation of the part. Place a simple compressing bandage 

 above the operating region in order to prevent hemorrhage during 

 operation. We must not use friction in order to carry or empty 

 the blood from the affected member. 



