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DISEASES OF THE EYES. 



either slipping or puncturing the skin. After the ligated portion of the 

 skin has become inflamed and detached we see a series of round, cutaneous 

 wounds near the eyelid, which heal by granulation. The eyelids turn out 

 of their normal position by means of a contraction of the cicatricial tissue. 



4. Excision of a portion of the cutaneous membrane from the eyelid. This 

 is the best and most common mode of operation. It may be performed in 

 two different ways : 



a. Take up a horizontal fold of about 0.5 to 1.0 cm. by means of a strong 

 pair of pincers (Fig. 78, a), or what are known as entropion forceps, about 



Operation for entropion 'by means of excision : a, elliptical incision ; 6, triangular incision. 



5 to 8 mm. from the edge of the eyelid, cutting it off closely by means of 

 a pair of scissors (Fig. 78, a) ; and 



b. Take up and cut out a triangular or heart-shaped piece, instead of an 

 elliptical one (Fig. 78, b). We then close the wound by a united or con- 

 tinuous suture, and paint over this suture with collodium. While we do 

 not, as a rule, obtain union by first intention, the wound closes very quickly 

 and gives satisfactory results. 



Ectropion — Turning Out of the Eyelid. 



This condition is, as a rule, in the lower lid, the free edge of 

 the lid being turned out from the eyeball toward the external side 

 of the eyelid. This is generally noticed in bulldogs, St. Bernards, 

 and setters, especially so in the animals that have sunken eyeballs. 

 It may be due to an alteration or partial paralysis of the palpebral 

 muscles. Sometimes it may occur from the shape of the cartilage, 

 which does not consist of a firm disk, but of bunches of connective 

 tissue mixed with elastic fibres. In some cases it may be caused 

 by a contraction of the membranes of the face, especially cicatricial 

 contraction, such as results from wounds or burns. It may also be 



