CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 59 
A very large majority of Fungi have spreading Aazrs on their surface, which 
arise as branches from the hyphae of the compound sporophores and show this 
origin even where its final structure is pseudo-parenchymatous. Some of them come 
from the hyphae of the surface itself, some originate at a greater or less depth 
beneath it and pass obliquely to the outside through 
the layers of tissue that cover their point of origin. They A RINIGRRI AIT 
are simple cells or cell-rows and branched or unbranched, Ahi I) | i 
and scarcely yield to the hair-formations or the higher Ds 
Rink 
plants in variety of form, direction, size, colour, structure, N 
and thickening of their membranes; the most varied series 







of these formations is to be found in Peziza and the allied ! 
Ascomycetes, and in Erysiphe and Chaetomium. 
In many cases the hairs are closely combined in tufts, 
which appear to the naked eye according to the species as N \ 
bristles, scales, or warts, as for instance on the surface of 
the pileus of Polyporus hirsutus and P. hispidus, Of iongituaisal Seton King tee Armee 
Hydnum auriscalpium, Tremellodon gelatinosus, &c., or Mare ueumen  » medulanyhyphas, 
as cylindrical tufts expanding into the shape of a funnel . 
at their extremity, such as are found on the sterile surface of the pileus of 
Fistulina hepatica, and from their shape were once described as rudiments of the 
tubuli of the hymenial surface’. Ifthe superficial felting of hair is very thick, it may 
be a question whether it should not be considered to be a cortical layer, and the 
determination must rest on what is suitable in each particular case. 
Where the compound sporophore is very close to the substratum, single 
hairs or tuf s of hairs often assume the character of rhzzozds. 
Here would naturally be the place to speak of the Lichen-thallus and especially 
of its fruticose and foliose heteromerous forms; but it will be more convenient to 
reserve this part of the subject to Division III. 

CHAPTER III. Spores oF FUNGI. 
Section XIV. The propagation of the Fungi, in the widest sense of that word 
which implies the production of new bions through a mother-individual, is generally 
effected by the abjunction, and in most cases by the complete separation, of cells from 
the maternal structure, which then develope into daughter-bions if the necessary 
conditions are present. The single cell thus abjointed from the mother and capable 
of this development into one or more than one bion we term here a spore; 
empirically we fix that moment and condition of its development, in which 
abjunction from the mother as its nutrient source is effected, as the moment 
and condition of its ripeness or maturity; the commencement of the further develop- 
ment of the ripe spore is its germination. 

1 Fries, Syst. Mycol. I, 396. 
