98 DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. 
about double their former size inside the general receptacle without any essential 
change in their structure. A similar though less striking development is seen in 
Eurotium, Sphaerophoron, and the Calycieae (Acolium ocellatum). 
Section XXIX. Combinations of the different modes of formation and 
shedding of propagative cells which have now been described bring about the appear- 
ance of the bodies which are often known as sep/ate spores, but which it would be better 
‘to term compound spores, sporae compositae. In their case a spore-mother-cell or 
spore-initial-cell is developed either acrogenously or endogenously and then usually in 
an ascus, and developes by means of one or several successive bipartitions with firm 
partition-walls into a pluricellular body, in which each cell is an independent spore with 
power of germination. Such a two- or more-celled body formed of spores- may 
remain persistent on its sporophore, or may be separated from it in one of the ways 
which have been described (see Fig. 34), or may be set free from a receptacle, while its 
members remain firmly attached to one another; and this is the case in the great 
majority of instances, and those the most typical. In these respects, therefore, its 
behaviour is the same as that of many simple spore-cells, which it resembles also in 
shape and size. Moreover it happens very frequently indeed in closely related species, 
and sometimes even in the same individual, that cells of exact morphological 
equivalence remain at one time undivided and form a simple spore, at another time 
become by division pluricellular compound spores. The teleutospores of Uromyces 
and Puccinia, the gonidia of Gonatobotrys which are one-celled bodies, and of 
Arthrobotrys which are two-celled (Fig. 21), are among the many examples of 
this kind, and especially in countless Ascomycetes with typical 8-spored asci the 
spore-primordia develope at one time into eight simple spores (Figs. 39, 43, 
45), at another into pluricellular bodies, which escape in this form from the asci 
(Figs. 46, 47). 
These facts have given rise to the phraseology which speaks on the one hand of 
simple unicellular spores, and on the other of septate or pluricellular spores (multilo- 
culares, cellulosae of Corda, semen multiplex of Tulasne). If the expression spore is 
not to have a different meaning in different cases, but the same meaning in all cases, 
and this is what ought to be, it is obvious that it can only be applied to the single 
cell capable of germination; such expressions as pluricellular spores are therefore 
sheer nonsense, yet to get rid of them entirely would require the establishment of a 
perfectly new terminology, and to attempt this would be for many reasons a hopeless 
task. The evil may be to some extent lessened by the use of the expression compound 
spore and its correlative terms. The number of members (merispores) in a compound 
spore is different in different cases, two in Puccinia, Arthrobotrys, and Anaptychia 
ciliaris, three in Triphragmium, four in Phragmidium, Pleospora, and Sphaeria Scirpi, 
&c., and they are arranged in one row or in more. 
I have several times called attention in other places? to the subject of terminology 
which has just been mentioned, and, as might be expected, without result owing to the 
overpowering influence of habit and want of thought in descriptive terminology. The 
whole matter may be made perfectly clear in form and expression if we start from 
the conception of a spore which is always presupposed in this work, and say that 
spores are produced from their primordia (primordial cells or initial cells) and these 

1 Brandpilze (1853) ; Flora, 1862, p. 63. See also my ist ed., p. 123. 
