CHAPTER III-—SPORES OF FUNGI.—GERMINATION. 117 
SCHACHT, Pflanzenzelle, p. 50;—Id. Anat. u. Phys. d. Gew. I. pp. 71, 73, 170. 
KUTzInG, Philosoph. Botanik, p. 236. 
TULASNE, Fungi hypogaei ;—Id. Selecta fungor. Carpol I. 
HOFMEISTER, in Pringsheim’s Jahrb. Bd. II, p. 378 (Tuber aestivum). 
SOLLMAN’s Beitr. z. Kenntniss d. Sphaeriaceen (Bot. Ztg. 1862 and 1863) made no im- 
portant additions to our knowledge for reasons which have been already given. 
More recent works on the Ascomycetes have confirmed in all important points 
the views published by me in 1863, while those of Strasburger and Schmitz quoted 
in section XIX have supplied the corrections that were rendered necessary by the 
modern doctrine of the cell. Boudiers account of Ascobolus has been confirmed 
by Janczewski (Bot. Ztg. 1871) in those points in which it differs from that given by 
myself. 
The formation of the spores of the Mucorini has been described by— 
CorDA, Icon. fung. II, p. 19. 
FRESENIUS, Beitr. p. 6. 
SCHACHT, Pflanzenzelle ;—Id. Anat. u. Phys. d. Gew. I. 
HOFFMANN in Bot. Ztg. 1856 ;—Id. in Pringsh. Jahr. II. 
Coun, Entw. des Pilobolus, N. Act. XIII. 
COEMANS, Monogr. du genre Pilobolus, in Mém. pres. de l’acad. Brux. XXX. 
DE Bary, Beitr. z. Morph. u. Phys. d. Pilze, p. 83, and in the literature cited in section 
XVIII. 
Corda, Fresenius, Schacht, and Hoffmann consider the formation of the spores in 
the Mucorini as more or less closely allied to that which takes place in the asci, 
as a process therefore of free cell-formation within the protoplasm of the mother-cell 
and at the cost ofa portion of it, and this view has been quite recently maintained 
by Brefeld (Schimmelpilze). In the same way the acrogenous abjunction of spores has 
also been regarded by later writers as a process of free cell-formation, which differs from 
that in the typical asci only in the circumstance that the daughter-cells arise in special 
protuberances of the ascus. Vittadini (Monogr. Tuberac.) goes so far as to make the spore 
of the Hymenomycetes and Gastromycetes arise inside the basidium and afterwards 
emerge from it enclosed in a protuberance of the inner layer of the membrane, the 
sterigma. Montagne takes a similar view in the Esquisse organographique. Schleiden 
also, in his Grundzüge, Aufl. 3, II, p. 38, and Schacht (Pflanzenzelle, p. 54, and 
Anat. u. Phys. d. Gew. I, p. 74) are of the same opinion, and H. Hoffmann in the Bot. 
Ztg. 1856, p. 153 and in Pringsheim’s Jahrb. II, p. 303 adopts it in the most decided 
manner ; he says, ‘ One fundamental type with many variations occurs again and again ; 
the spores are formed by free cell-formation inside mother-cells (tubes), which some- 
times becomes cemented with them, as in Phragmidium, Agaricus, and Phallus, 
sometimes only loosely envelope the spore or spores, as in Mucor, Peziza, and Tuber.’ 
Van Tieghem and Le Monnier in the Ann. d. sc. nat. sér. 5, XVII, pp. 332 and 370, and 
sér. 6, I, p. 37 have recently re-introduced this way of explaining the acrogenously 
formed spores of Chaetocladium, Piptocephalis, and Syncephalis ; they represent them 
as produced endogenously and singly or in a simple row in sporangia placed close to 
one another, like the spores of Mucor or Mortierella, but they do not rest their view on 
distinct facts in the history of development. These notions are not in harmony with 
clearly ascertained facts, as Berkeley (Ann. and Magaz. of Nat. History, Vol. IX (1842), 
pp- 9, 283 note) and Tulasne (Il. cc.) have always contended; they arose in the case of 
Schleiden from his erroneous views on the first principles of cell-formation, views 
-which have long been abandoned; in the other writers above mentioned evidently 
from a striving after the establishment of homologies, for which purpose, however, 
they would be superfluous if they were correct. The present state of our knowledge 
of cell-formation and cell-division, as it is briefly stated on page 61 and fully explained 
