158 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. 
H. HOFFMANN, Icones analyt. Fungor. IV, 1865 (Mucor, Rhizopus). 
ZIMMERMANN, Das Genus Mucor, Chemnitz, 1871. 
J. KLEIN, Zur Kenntn. d. Pilobolus (Pringsheim, Jahrb. VIII, p. 305). 
A. GILKINET, Mémoire sur le polymorphisme des Champignons (Mém. couronné de 
l’Acad. roy. de Belg. XXVI, 1878). 
O. BREFELD, Ueber Gährung, III, in Landw. Jahrb. ed. Thiel. V, 1876 (Mucor 
racemosus). 
D. D. CUNNINGHAM, On the occurrence of conidial fructification in the Mucorini, 
illustrated by Choanephora (Linn. Soc. Trans. London, ser. 2, I, 1878). 
BAINIER, Observations sur les Mucorindes et sur les zygospores des Mucorinees (Ann. 
d. sc. nat. ser. 6, XV, 1883). First brought to my notice while this work was 
being printed. 
ENTOMOPHTHOREAE. 
Section XLV. We proceed to give a brief account of this small group to which 
we may apply the terminology in use for the Mucorini; the Fungi which supply the 
material for our description penetrate into the cavities of the bodies of living insects 
and there develope, forming their gonidiophores on hyphal branches, which make 
their way through the body of the insect after its death and complete their 
development on its outer surface. 
In a certain number of species, as Empusa Muscae and E. macrospora, Now., 
numerous detached and at first spherical cells are formed by repeated sprouting from 
. the germ-tube which has penetrated through the skin into the interior cavities 
of the insect, and each cell developes as the insect dies into a long tube containing 
much protoplasm. In other species, as Entomophthora radicans, E. ovispora 
and E. curvispora, the germ-tube in the insect’s body produces a mycelium composed 
of copiously branched hyphae, divided by transverse walls and often connected 
together by anastomosing branches. In most instances the Fungus forms its gonidia 
on the surface and after the death of the insect. In the Empusae one extremity 
of each separate tube pierces the insect’s skin, grows outside it into a short cylindrico- 
club-shaped body, and then forms acrogenously a single spore, which is abjected by 
the mechanism described on page 72. The protoplasm and other contents of the tube 
are expended for these purposes, and the tube itself then perishes. In the Ento- 
mophthoreae numerous branches of the entozoic mycelium appear on the surface of 
the body of the dead insect and there ramify in so copious a manner that they soon 
wrap it in a close felt. Much the largest part of this felt consists of branches 
set very nearly at a right angle to the surface of the body, and their last ramifications, 
which end at about the same level and form a compact hymenium, are cylindrical in 
shape and unicellular, and ultimately one spore is abjointed and flung off in the 
manner just described. Hyphae and tufts of hyphae also appear before the sporo- 
genous hymenium at certain spots on the ventral side of the dead insect, especially 
on caterpillars attacked by Entomophthora radicans, and develope into rhizoids 
which secure the body to the substance on which it lies. In both cases the whole 
of the protoplasm of the Fungus is expended in forming the spores; as they are 
produced one after another on the extremities of the tube or its branches, these 
shrink in size and with them the body which they occupy; at last there remains only 
