208 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. 
longer in the surface-direction, while the rind covering it does not grow correspond- 
ingly, and the rind is therefore ruptured above the hymenium, which is thus exposed 
as a discus. 
Up to the time of the inception of the hymenium beneath the rind no 
changes of. importance take place in the ascogonium. But now all its cells except 
one are seen to become thick-walled and poor in protoplasm, and in this state they 
continue permanently; but that one cell, the third or fourth uppermost cell, becomes the 
initial cellof the formation of asci, the ascogenous cell. It is full of protoplasm and 
swells considerably, and then sends out twelve or more strong cylindrical branches from. 
its free outer surface. These are the ascus-forming branches, the ascogenous hyphae, 
and they thrust themselves in between the elements of the tissue of the envelope as they: 
grow in the direction of the subhymenial layer, into which they send their many branches 
and spread abroad between the points of insertion of the paraphyses. Finally the 
asci appear as lateral branches of the last order on these subhymenial spreading 
hyphae, which, as has been already said, grow between the paraphyses and in the same 
direction with them towards the outer surface of the hymenium. The long-continued 
successive formation and introduction of new asci at all points is the chief cause at: 
least of the surface-enlargement mentioned above, and of the exposure and often even 
of the convexity outwards of the hymenium. Janczewski’s observations have been 
confirmed in the case of several species by Borzi, who has also described an allied 
form, a species of Ryparobius, in which every shoot from the ascogenous cell becomes 
an ascus directly. Borzi’s view respecting the fertilisation of the archicarp is not 
supported by any other case. 
6. The development of the sporocarp of Pyronema confluens (Peziza, P.) was 
described by myself, but imperfectly, in 1863. Tulasne then added something to my 
statements. Kihlman’s recent examination of the species gives the following results 
(Figs. 96-99). The Fungus spreads the stout filaments of its mycelium over wide. 
spaces of ground, especially where charcoal has been made or fires have burned.: 
The inception of the young sporocarp is preceded by the formation of groups of 
obliquely erect curved branches, which in their turn put forth many branchlets. Some’ 
of these, usually two in each group, swell strongly and form a few short bifurcations, 
which grow in a direction vertical to the substratum and then cease their longi-. 
tudinal growth. The bifurcations form together an erect loose tuft or rosette (Figs. 
96, 97 A), and some of them terminate in a short roundish cylindrical cell which 
remains sterile. The extremities of others become either archicarps or antheridia 
(Fig. 97 A,2). The former are broadly. club-shaped bodies consisting of a much 
inflated and usually somewhat curved cell, densely. filled with protoplasm and borne. 
on one or two disk-shaped stalk-cells; the antheridia are the club-shaped terminal. 
cells of the branches of the bifurcations, about the same height, but only half as broad 
as the archicarps. Several, at least two or three, organs.of both kinds are present in. 
each rosette, and no other relations than those stated between the points of origin of 
each pair of dissimilar organs have ever been observed.. When the two kinds of organs: 
have reached the shape and length which have been described, each archicarp puts out: 
a broad protuberance near its apex, which grows rapidly into a blunt cylindrical tube: 
filled full with protoplasm ; and the tube becoming bent like a bow in a plane differently: 
disposed in different individuals, grows on towards a neighbouring antheridium, and. 
