ne 
222 DIVISION II,—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. 
paraphyses. The sporocarps of Baeomyces roseus, which are very like those 
of Sphyridium in shape, first appear as coils of hyphae in the interior and deep 
beneath the surface of the thallus, and are there differentiated into layers of 
paraphyses and ascogenous hyphae. Subsequently they emerge from the thallus as 
long-stalked bodies in consequence of the elongation of their basal portions. But 
Krabbe was unable to arrive at any more positive conclusion with respect to the origin 
of the ascogenous hyphae than in the case of Sphyridium. According to the same 
observer Sphyridium carneum exhibits a curious variation from the genera with 
which it has hitherto been associated. Its sporocarps would appear to be only pseudo- 
sporocarps, sporocarp-like shoots from the thallus, which form neither paraphyses, 
nor asci, nor even spores, only coils of hyphae beneath the surface, in appearance like 
the ascogenous hyphae of allied species, but never forming asci. 
We learn from Krabbe’s latest ‘ preliminary’ communication that in the Clado- 
nieae, except Cladonia Papillaria, the whole of the large body known in descriptions 
as podettum, for instance the well-known cup in C. pyxidata and the branching 
shrubby form in C. rangiferina, is by its mode of origination an apothecium. It is 
formed as a primordial hyphal coil in the interior of a crustaceous or foliaceous thallus 
and forces its way through the rind outwards and then arrives by progressive or inter- 
calary growth at its final form. The differentiations into ascogenous hyphae, dis- 
tinguishable from the rest by turning blue with iodine, and the paraphyses is effected 
without a distinct archicarp and virtually in the same way as in the species of 
Sphyridium and Cladonia already mentioned; taking place either when the body 
is just emerging from the thallus, as in C. decorticata, or not till it has acquired 
in separate parts the final cup-like or shrubby form. Ascogenous hyphae and even 
asci may in some species revert to the vegetative form} and certain- kinds which 
have paraphyses in the normal manner either do not produce perfect asci, or only do’ 
so exceptionally. We must wait for the author’s more detailed accounts, and we 
shall return to the anatomical character of the podetium in section CXVI. 
From the agreement found among the sporocarps of the Ascomycetes in the 
mature state, it may be considered to be certain that they may all be included as 
respects their origin in one or other of the types above described or come very near 
them ; which type it should be must be inquired into in each particular case, and 
cannot be decided with certainty from the mature condition. The many careful 
researches of Schwendener and Fiiisting into the formation of sporocarps in Lichens 
may still be adduced in support of this view; these observers failed to account for 
the first beginnings only of the ascogenous hyphae which are differentiated at a very 
early period. Füisting reports the presence of Woronin’s hypha in the young sporo- 
carp of Lecidea formosa, and Stahl! says of Parmelia stellaris and P. pulverulenta 
and Endocarpon miniatum: ‘It is not difficult, especially in layers of Parmelia stellaris 
with many sporocarps, to find the extremely delicate apex of the trichogyne in 
young sporocarps; I succeeded in some successful preparations in showing the 
connection between these processes and the ascogonia which were distinguished by 
the abundance of their protoplasm.’ Since spermogonia and spermatia'are present 
in all these forms, as they are in the Collemeae, it is natural to suppose that there is 
a near agreement between them and the Collemeae ; but this is not yet demonstrated. 
Fiiisting says that he has not found his Woronin’s hypha in species of Verrucaria, 

! Beitr. z. Entw. d. Flechten, p. 41. 
