242 DIVISION II—-COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. 
usually formed above a conical projection in the Fungus-body. Since the agreement 
is otherwise so complete we may certainly consider these bodies as spermogonia which 
have no outer wall of their own, but are covered over instead by the rind of the tree 
which they inhabit. But this affords reason for a further concession and allows us 
to give the name of open spermogonia to such cushion-shaped or club-shaped bodies 
formed on the surface of the substratum as Tulasne has described in Bulgaria sar- 
coides and Peziza fusarioides ; for the outer surface of these bodies is covered with 
a hymenium, which, together with its products, behaves in the same way as the 
hymenium of the closed spermogonia previously mentioned. 
The third and last point of agreement to be observed in all the formations of 
which we are speaking lies in their relation in place and in the time of their develop- 
ment to the production of the ascocarps. In all cases which have been fully 
investigated we find the same arrangement as in Collema and Polystigma; the 
formation of spermogonia and spermatia always precedes that of the sporocarps or 
coincides with the first appearance of their primordia. At the same time the 
formation of spermatia may continue beyond the period of the orientation of the 
sporocarps, and both kinds of organs may be repeated more than once on a long- 
lived thallus; but this makes no essential difference. The two kinds of organs 
usually occur close to one another on the same thallus; dioecious distribution, to 
which attention has been called above in the case of Collema, has been observed a 
few times in some Lichen-fungi (Spilonema, Bornet, Ephebe pubescens). 
We do not certainly know the true function of all the bodies which are spoken 
of in this section as spermogonia and spermatia. What we are able to conjecture 
on the subject may be gathered from previous sections, and will be considered also 
below in section LXXIV. 
Section LXX. We have insisted in the foregoing remarks on the invariably 
small size of the spermatia, and on their simplicity of structure and incapacity of 
germination, or, to speak more correctly, the absence of observed capacity of 
germination; and these conditions make it difficult to determine a number of other cases, 
which may for the present be placed together under the head of doubtful spermatia. 
We learn from a series of observations that there are small rod-shaped or spherical 
cells in the Ascomycetes, which have all the known positive and negative characters 
of spermatia, but are abscised at other places in the thallus than in or on distinct 
spermogonia. 
Firstly, such cells are said to occur in the sporocarps themselves, between or 
near the asci. Gibelli* states that many Verrucarieae, especially those with simple 
spores and without paraphyses in the hymenium, have no proper spermogonia, 
but that the lower portion of the perithecium is covered with asci, the upper 
with spermatia-forming sterigmata; but other observers? do not corroborate this 
statement. We learn from Tulasne that slender branched hyphae, from which 
countless small rod-shaped ‘spermatia’ are abscised, are found between the asci at 
the places where paraphyses otherwise occur in some but not all the apothecia in 

' Sugli org. reprod. del gen. Verrucaria (Mem. soc. ital. di sc. nat. 1), 
® Stahl, Beitr. z. Entw. d. Flechten, I, p. 40. 
