244 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. 
The small rod-like cells which sprout from the cells of the spores of Nectria inaurata 
and N. Lamyi? while still inside the ascus, filling it quite full and giving rise to strange 
misunderstandings, may also be mentioned in this place, though it is not very probable 
that they are of the same significance. The point of agreement between all these 
forms lies in their outward resemblance and in the absence of any certain knowledge 
as to their morphological and physiological value. 
Section LXXI. 4. Gonidia. The course of development in the few forms 
mentioned above on page 238, 1, is shown with certainty by our observations up to 
the present time to be that which is there termed simple ; and almost all Lichen-fungi 
also are without gonidia unless we count among them the soredia, which will be 
described in section CXVII, as there is certainly good reason for doing ; other gonidial 
formations are described in a few species only, as ex- 
ceptional cases therefore, and in these are not beyond 
doubt. 
The course of development in the larger part of the 
Ascomycetes with which we are acquainted, and especially 
in the Pyrenomycetes, is pleomorphous with copious pro- 
duction of gonidia of more than one form. All the gonidia 
are unicellular or pluricellular compound spores formed 
by acrogenous or intercalary abjunction, as in the ex- 
amples which have just been described. Anatomical 
investigation and observation of different portions of the 
5 development show that they usually appear as precursors 
of the ascocarps, whether their development comes to an 

FIG. 116. Peziza Fuckeliana. Froma 
i grown ona mi ic slide in 
grape juice examined under water after 
being treated with alcohol. athree young 
sterigmata forming ‘spermatia’ at the 
top of a branch of the mycelium, the 
abjunction shown plainly on the middle 
one. & group of five sterigmata before 
all the spermatia are shed. ¢ view in 
profile of a stout dense tuft of sterigmata 
springing from more than one mycelial 
filament, the apex of which is formed of 
a mass (merely outlined) of spermatia 
abscised and imbedded in jelly. Magn. 
375 times, 

end when the formation or at least the completion of these 
begins, or they make their first appearance before the 
latter but continue to develope simultaneously with them. 
Claviceps, which has already been described, is an excellent 
example of the first case, for gonidia and perithecia follow 
one another in that genus in successive periods of vege- 
tation. The development of species of Stigmatea accord- 
ing to Tulasne?, and probably of some other small Pyre- 
nomycetes that live in leaves, follows a similar course, but 
without forming sclerotia ; and this is the case also with Epichloe, which was described 
in a former page, and with Tulasne’s Xylarieae (Xylaria, Poronia, Ustulina, Hypoxylon) 
and some species of Nectria, especially N. cinnabarina (= Tubercularia vulgaris, P.), 
which all behave in a similar manner to Epichloe. The compound sporophores 
of these forms are at first covered by a hymenium which produces gonidia, but this 
ceases to grow and is cast off as soon as the development of the perithecia formed 
within its plane of insertion begins to advance. 
A second case is exemplified in the Erysipheae mentioned above, in Fumago 
salicina®, Cucurbitaria macrospora (Fig. 117), Pleospora polytrichum, P. Clavariarum *, 

1 See Janowitsch in Bot. Ztg. 1865, p. 149. 
® Tulasne, Carpol. II. 
2 Carpol. II. 
4 Tulasne, Carpol. II. 
