CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.— HYMENOMFCETES. 297 
part which is afterwards the upper extremity of the stipe; the part above the slit 
becomes the pileus, that below it the stipe, and that which bounds it on the outside the 
marginal veil. The further development is the same as that of the species with 
marginal veils described above. So far as these statements related to Coprinus, they 
have been shown by Brefeld’s researches to be incorrect ; my own did not pay sufficient 
regard to the earliest stages of the development. I will not even maintain that they 
are quite correct for Agaricus campestris and A. praecox, but readily allow that the 
facts in their case are always the same as in A. melleus and that the first extension 
of the marginal veil over the hymenial surface which was originally exposed had 
there also been overlooked. At all events the question should be further investigated. 
I bring forward these earlier statements chiefly to show how we may picture to 
ourselves the phenomena which wouid be intermediate between Amanita and 
species with a marginal veil, the modes in which differentiations may be combined 
with subsequent progressive growth of free margins bounded by gaps in the pileus 
and lamellae. 
4. With the exception of certain special cases arising out of the circumstances 
just described, all, or very nearly all, the veiled forms here mentioned may be arranged 
under the chief types specified in the text. The origin also of peculiarities like the 
annulus mobilis in the comparatively few cases in which it occurs, as in Agaricus 
(Lepiota) procerus, can scarcely be different from that in Coprinus ephemeroides. 
Information as to the presence or absence of the volva in the several species or 
groups will be found in descriptive works. It appears to be found only in the 
groups Amanita and Volvaria and the peculiar genus Montagnites, a form of the 
Agaricineae which is distinguished by the absence in the mature state of a proper 
pileus and which requires investigation. The lamellae in the latter case are radially 
disposed round the upper and somewhat broader end of the cylindrical stipe which 
projects from out of a volva!. 
Examples of marginal veils are supplied by the Coprini which have been described 
above, by the groups Lepiota, Armillaria, Pholiota, Hypholoma, Psalliota, &c. in the 
Agaricineae, and by Boletus luteus, B. elegans and their nearest allies. All species not 
belonging to the Agaricineae, the non-fleshy species among the Agaricineae and the 
fleshy ones of the divisions Mycena, Clitocybe, Omphalia, Pleurotus, Paxillus, Gom- 
phidius, Lactarius, Russula, Cantharellus, Nyctalis, are, as far as can be ascertained, 
truly gymnocarpous. Other groups or genera which are at present considered distinct 
contain gymnocarpous species and species with a marginal veil. The group of 
Boletus luteus is an instance of the kind. Among the Coprini, which otherwise agree 
so closely together, Coprinus ephemerus is distinguished, according to Brefeld, from the 
species described above by the entire absence both of a veil and of the dense covering 
of hairs ; in place of the latter only short, scattered, conico-cylindrical hairs are found 
on the surface of the pileus and stipe. 
Some species of the section Collybia for instance, Agaricus dryophilus, A. tuberosus, 
and A. cirrhatus are gymnocarpous, while others, according to Hoffmann, as A. velutipes 
and A. fusipes, have marginal veils. Similar differences are found among the Cortinarii, 
Hygrophori, and others. We are still without comprehensive and certain knowledge 
of all these circumstances, nor have the various formations described from time to time 
as vela ever been critically examined; a more thorough investigation of these points is 
therefore to be urged now as it was twenty years ago. 
Section LXXXVII. The structure of the mature compound sporophores, 
excluding from consideration the hymenial layer which will be specially noticed here- 
after, in perhaps all non-fleshy and many fleshy forms is always ‘ hyphal’ (‘fadiger’), and 
the general rules specified above in section XIII are applicable to it. Exceptions and 

! Corda, Icon. VI, t. XX ; Explor. sc. d’Algerie, t. 21. 
