302 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. 
smaller towards the under surface of the pileus or hymenophorum ; this consists itself 
of numerous layers of hyphae which run in an undulating course from the middle of 
the pileus to its margin and give off the hyphae of the trama as branches. The 
subhymenial tissue is composed of small isodiametric cells, which show plainly by their 
arrangement that they are members of the delicate short-celled interwoven hyphae. 
The laticiferous tubes appear both in the hymenophorum and in the trama; in the 
former they usually run parallel to the principal hyphae, while in the trama they spread 
in abundance in every direction and are much branched. The structure of the trama 
in Russula, and according to Hoffmann in Lactarius mitissimus also, is for the most part 
pseudo-parenchymatous. 
Schizophyllum, a genus of the Agaricineae, differs from the rest in the structure of 
the lamellae. The lamellae are formed in this case, as in other genera, as projections 
from the hymenial surface, but they split from the edge to the middle parallel to 
the surfaces into two plates which curve away from one another as they continue to 
grow. The dorsal surfaces which are convex to one another are sterile and hairy with 
spreading hyphal branches ; the concave surfaces answering to the surfaces which bear 
the basidia in undivided lamellae with the interstices between them bear the hymenium. 
Fistulina so far agrees with Schizophyllum that its hymenium is beset with small 
tubes, which bear the hymenium on their inner face and are barren without; only the 
tubes are formed separate from the first, according to the accounts which we possess, 
and not by the splitting of the trama of reticulately connected projections. 
The hymenial layer itself consists of the terminal members of the subhymenial 
hyphae closely packed together and placed vertically to the surface. The larger 
number of these cells develope into basidia. Others may remain sterile and then 
they surround the basidia as the paraphyses surround the asci and may there- 
fore be called by that name. They appear to be the hymenial tissue of Léveillé 
which he distinguishes from the basidia in his fundamental researches into the 
hymenium of the Mushrooms. It is uncertain whether they can be entirely 
wanting; yet it has been expressly stated by more recent observers that in some 
cases the hymenium contains only basidia, for example by De Seynes in the 
case of Fistulina hepatica, and many other descriptions say the same thing by 
implication inasmuch as they speak only of basidia. The fact is that in many cases 
amongst undoubted spore-abscising basidia there are present only structures that 
may possibly prove to be paraphyses, but which are so very like the basidia, differing 
from them at most in their somewhat smaller size, smaller amount of protoplasm and 
present sterility, that it is not possible to say when they are examined in prepared 
specimens whether they might subsequently have assumed the function of basidia or 
not. This is the case with Agaricus melleus!. From these circumstances the organs 
in question have often been termed séerdle basidia, a name descriptive of the 
appearance in all cases, but requiring critical examination. 
On the other hand, cases are known in which the elements between the basidia 
differ from them entirely in their character. The bowl-shaped compound sporophore 
of Corticium amorphum, Fr. may be mentioned especially in support of the expression 
paraphysis, in which a few long club-shaped basidia are found between a large number 
of narrowly filiform branched hairs often constricted into the form of a rosary, so that 
the sporophore would be thought at first sight to belong to a Peziza rather than to a 
Hymenomycete?. It has long been known that the larger portion of the surface of 

1 Hartig, Krankheiten d. Waldbäume, t. II. 2 Hartig, l.c. t. V. 
