36 TOPOGRAPHY OF CHLOROPHYLL APPARATUS IN DESERT PLANTS. 
enchyma in the stem. With its extremely thick cuticle, 80 », Kwberlinia 
is a marked exception to this condition. Contrast the depth of the band as 
given for these species with that of the stems of Celtis pallida, Covillea triden- 
tata, Parkinsonia—representing the leafy class of parennials. The figures 
are 96 », 48 », and 83 p#, respectively. All of these forms have spongy 
chlorenchyma in the stem. 
There is also fair consonance between the kind of chlorenchyma and the 
kind of tissue exterior to it. In .tster, Baccharis, Krameria, Keberlinia, 
Cereus—plants with a reduced leaf-surface or with no leaves—the chlorophyll 
band extends to the epidermis. Such is the condition to be met, not alone 
in young, but also in old stems of these plants, which, however, is zo¢ the 
final condition in most of them. In the type of plants with larger leaves, 
or larger leaf-surface, on the other hand, there is frequently when young, 
and always when old, some sort of tissue, in addition to the epidermis, which 
serves as a covering to the chlorophyll band. This may be hypodermal 
tissue, cork in most plants, or in O/nmeya a curious proliferation of the epi- 
dermal cells in the young branches by which a many-layered epidermis is 
organized. It will be recalled that in the former class of perennials the 
chlorenchyma is palisade and in the latter spongy tissue. 
In yet another structural characteristic the two classes of plants are dis- 
tinguished. Withcertain exceptions plants with rudimentary leaves or none 
have no pigment in the epidermis, 7. ¢., the parts exterior to the chlorophyll 
band are colorless. But in Celtis, Condalia, Olneya, and Prosopis all forms 
possessing a pronounced leaf-surface, either the epidermis or the hypoderm, 
or again the periderm, is provided with a pigment which is usually of a 
dark-red color. In these forms the chlorenchyma is of spongy tissue. An 
exception to this is found in Parkinsonia, which has no pigmented tissues 
exterior to the chlorophyll band. 
The coincidences which have been repeatedly observed of spongy chlor- 
enchyma and pigmented exterior tissues lead to the belief that the relation 
between the two is something more than a chance association. This is 
strengthened by the further observation that in palisade chlorenchyma no 
such exterior pigmented cells are usually to be fotind. 
Although no hard and fast rule can be given, it appears that perennials 
which have a reduced leaf-surface present the following characteristics 
regarding the chlorophyll band of the stem: Its structure is wholly or at 
least in part palisade; it usually lies close to the surface, and the tissues 
exterior to it usually do not contain pigment. While, on the other hand, 
perennials with a pronounced leaf-surface possess a chlorophyll band of 
spongy tissue, there is usually some kind of tissue in addition to the epider- 
mis between it and the surface, and the exterior tissue usually contains 
pigment. 
