PRAIRIE FARMER'S POULTRY BOOK 



LIMBS: 

 Wings: 



Humerus, or upper arm, attached to the shoulder girdle. 

 Fore-arm, comprishig ulna and radius. 

 Hand, comprising two small bones united at their ends. 

 Fingers, the thumb being attached to the upper end of arm 

 and the two remaining fingers to the lower end. 

 Legs: 



Femur, or thigh-bone, attached to the pelvis. 

 Lower leg, consisting of the tibia and fibula, the former, large, 

 and the latter small and splint like. 



Shank, or tarso-metarsus, attached to the lower leg at the 

 knee joint, or hock, and bearing the spur. 

 Toes: 



Inner toe, or hind toe, which has two joints. 

 Second toe, or inner, front toe, having three joints. 

 Middle front toe, having four joints. 

 Outer front toe, which has five joints. 

 A knowledge of the structures of the skeleton will be of value in 

 mating and culling and in preparing the carcass for market as well as 

 dissecting for table use. 



The Respiratory System 



Respiration in fowls 'includes the acts of receiving air into 

 the lungs (inspiration) and expelling air from the same (ex- 

 piration). These processes are accomplished by muscular 

 action, raising and lowering the sternum. By the respiratory 

 system oxygen is conveyed to the blood and vapor of water 

 and waste matter thrown off from the body. As the fowl has 

 no sweat glands to eliminate vapor of water and certain waste 

 matter which accumulates in the blood by the process of 

 oxidation, the respiratory system accomplishes this work to 

 large extent. Respiration in man is 18 times per minute, but 

 in the fowl it is more rapid, or 33 times per minute. 



The organs and functions of the respiratory system are : 



1. Nostrils, through which the air is conveyed to the pharynx. 



2. Pharynx, or throat. 



3. Larynx, the enlarged cartilaginous, or gristly, opening into the 

 windpipe, or trachea. It modifies the voice, which is produced at the 

 lower end of the trachea. 



4. Trachea, or windpipe, the cartilaginous tube formed by rings of 

 gristle which conveys the air to the lungs. 



5. The bronchi, or bronchial tubes, branch from the trachea and 

 enter the lungs. Some pass through the lungs into the large air sacs 

 in the body. Some have blind endings. The small tubes which branch 

 from the bronchi are lined with blood vessels which absorb oxygen. 



6. Air sacs, spaces outside of the lungs which .receive the air from 

 the bronchial tubes. They are large and lined with thin membranes 



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