280 Field, Forest, and Wayside Flowers 
by the arrival of birds from the North, to whom 
our latitudes are what Florida is to shivery people 
of elegant leisure. In the vicinity of Norfolk and 
of Cincinnati the bird-life of the leafless woods is 
almost as full and intense as that of the summer. 
But when the wind swoops down from the North, 
and deciduous trees afford no protection, the ever- 
greens offer the birds a refuge in the time of 
trouble. Here they find both shelter and food, 
for after the ‘‘ hips and the haws are all gone,’’ 
and snow has covered the earth, a living can still 
be eked out, thanks to the juniper berries and the 
seeds of the cone-bearing trees. 
Cedars and junipers make an especially effective 
wind-screen, and on the eve of a bitter night little 
birds gather in numbers on the branches of these 
trees, close to the trunk. 
The habit of growth of the cone-bearers is 
similar to that of the oaks and maples and other 
kindred of the rose. The ascending stream of 
water from the roots passes through the younger 
wood, while the descending stream of sap from the 
leaves moves through the inner bark. The tree 
grows thicker as it grows older, and between bark 
and wood, each growing season, there is a ring of 
actively-dividing cells which are building up new 
