24 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM. 
is quite distinct from that of all the other varieties. The species sold in 
the nurseries as the common broad-leaved Magnolia grandiflora is fre- 
quently raised from American, French, or Italian seeds ; and, hence, the 
plants, though they grow freely, do not flower for 20 or 30 years after being 
planted out. For this reason, when it is desired to have plants of the 
Magnolia grandiflora which will flower early, those plants which have been 
raised by layers from flowering trees ought to have the preference ; or the 
Exmouth, or some other variety, should be made choice of, because the 
varieties are always raised from layers. 
In its native country, M. grandiflora is a tree varying from 60 ft. to 
100 ft., or upwards, in height; but in Europe, except in some situations in 
Spain and Italy, and a few in the South of England, it is chiefly to be 
considered as a wall tree. 
34. Magndlia grandiflora. 
A deep sandy loam, dry at bottom, and enriched with vegetable mould or 
heath soil, seems to suit all the varieties of this species. When these are 
to be trained against a wall, any aspect may be chosen, except, perhaps, the 
north-east. To display the flowers to the greatest advantage, to a spectator 
walking in a direction nearly parallel to the wall, the ground plan of the 
latter should be curvilinear, by which means a direct or front view of a 
considerable portion would be brought before him. In the London nur- 
series, propagation is generally effected by forming stools either in warm 
situations in the open air, to be protected during winter, or in cold-pits. 
The shoots are laid down in autumn, and require two years to become 
sufficiently rooted for separation; they are then potted, and kept in pits 
or under glass during winter, and set in the open air, in a shady place, 
during summer, till wanted for final planting. M. grandiflora is also occa- 
sionally raised from American seeds. In planting, the ball should be care- 
fully broken by the hand, and the roots spread out in every direction, and 
covered with heath mould, or a mixture of leaf mould and sandy loam. The 
