lov ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM. 
table fences; and it has this great advantage over deciduous-leaved trees and 
shrubs, that it is seldom liable to be attacked by insects; and, if shorn, the 
outer surface becomes impenetrable even to birds, who cannot build their nests 
in it. The wood is almost as white as ivory, except in the centre of very 
old trurks, where it is somewhat brown. It is very hard, with a fine grain, 
suscey-cible of a high degree of polish, and is readily stained with black, green, 
blue, or red. Tt weighs, when dry, at the rate of 47 1b. 70z. per cubic foot. 
The veins of the wood, and its annual layers, are so small as scarcely to be 
perceptible. It is applied to a great many purposes, in joinery, cabinet-making, 
and turnery; in engineering, in mathematical-instrument-making; and it 1s 
even used for wood-engraving. The bark affords birdlime, which is prepared 
by boiling and evaporation. The ‘holly attains the largest size in w rich sandy 
loam ; but it will grow, and even thrive, on almost any soil, provided it is not 
overcharged with moisture. As its seeds, like those of the hawthorn, do not 
come up the first year, to save ground and the expense of weeding, the ber- 
ries are commonly buried in ‘the soil, or kept mixed up in a heap of earth tor 
one year; after which, if sown in autumn, they will come up the following 
June. The varieties are propagated by budding and grafting. These ope- 
rations are performed at the usual times, and in the usual manaer ; but it has 
been observed by Tschoudi, that cleft-grafting does not succeed nearly so 
well with the holly as whip-grafting or budding. In England, the stocks 
budded or grafted on are generally of four or five years’ growth; and the 
grafting is effected in March, and the budding in July. The variegated kinds 
are also propagated by cuttings, which are made in autumn, of the ripened 
summer shoots. They are planted in sandy soil, in ashady border, and covered 
with hand-glasses ; and they generally put forth roots the following spring. 
Holly hedges should never be clipped, because, when the leaves are cut 
through the middle, they are rendered unsightly ; and the shoots should 
therefore be cut with a knife close to a leaf. The proper season for cutting 
would appear to be just after the leaves have attained maturity ; because 
at that season, in the holly, as in the box, the wound is comparatively soon 
obliterated by the healing over produced by the still abundant sap. 
2 2.2. (A.) Bavea’rica Desf. The Minorca Holly. 
Identification. Desf. Arb., 2. p. 262. ; Don’s Mill., 2. p. 17. 
Synonymes. I. Aquifdlium var. 5 Lam. Dict. 3. p.145.; I. made- 
rénsis Willd. Enum. Suppl. 8. according to Link. 
Engraving. Our fig. 223. 
Spec. Char., §c. eaves ovate, acute, flat, shining, 
entire or spiny-toothed. Umbels axillary, few- 
flowered, short. (Don’s Mill.) An evergreen low 
tree. Minorca and Madeira. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. 
in England ; in Madeira 60 ft. to 80 ft. Introduced 
in 1744, Flowers white; May and June. Drupe 
scarlet ; ripe in December. Decaying leaves:yellow, 
dropping in Juné and July. : 
A very distinct variety of the common holly, readily 
distinguished at sight, by its yellowish green leaves, cr 
which are sharply acuminated, but very slightly waved \ 
at the edges, and with few prickles. [tis propagated by —223. 1. (4.) baledica. 
budding or grafting on the common holly. 
2 3. T.opa’ca Ait. The opaque-/eaved, or American, Holly. 
Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew, 1. p. 177. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14.; Don’s Mill., 2. p.17. 
Synonymes. Agrifdlium vulgare Clayt. Flor. Virgin.; I‘lex Aquifolium Gronov. and Walt. Fl. 
Car. 241.; dunkelblattrige Stechpalme, Ger. ; Agrifolio a Foglie di Quercia, Itai. 
Engravings. The plate of the species in Arb. Brit., lst edit., vol. v.; and our fig. 224 
Spec. Char., §c. Leaves ovate, flat, coriaceous, acute, toothed in a scalloped 
manner, spiny, and glabrous, but not glossy. Flowers scattered, at the 
base of only those branches that are a year old. Teeth of the calyx acute. 
Sexes dioecious. (Dec. Prod.) A beautiful evergreen low tree. Canada 
