XXVI. ROSA CE: RO'SA. 351 
fully exposed to the sun during the whole day, may have a useful degree of 
shade given to it by the distribution of a few standard roses of not less than 
8 or 10 feet in height ; or by the introduction of frames of wood or wire, in 
the forms of obelisks, gnomons, crosses, columns surmounted by globes, or 
cones, on which climbing roses may be trained. These would produce no 
bad effect by their drip, and yet by their shadow, which would vary with the 
position of the sun, they would afford a salutary protection to the dwarf 
roses by which they were surrounded ; and thus produce, in some degree, the 
same object as a cool situation and exposure. The rose is one of those plants 
that will not thrive in the neighbourhood of towns where the prevailing fuel 
is pit-coal ; hence the roses grown within a circle of ten miles of the metro- 
polis are much inferior in beauty to those grown at double that distance, 
In country residences, roses are generally distributed in the margins of 
shrubberies along with other flowering shrubs: but, considering the culture 
they require, it is impossible they can thrive in such a situation; and, even if 
they did thrive, the kind of beauty which they would produce would be of a 
character so different from that of a general shrubbery, as to require their 
exclusion from it. The only roses fit to be planted in a shrubbery are the 
single kinds, in their wild state. Roses, and all other kinds of shrubs or 
trees, that are far removed from a state of nature, and valued for something 
produced by art, either in their flowers, fruit, habit, or leaves, should be grown 
in situations where the art which produced the artificial effect can be em- 
ployed. Hence all fruit-bearing trees and shrubs should be grown in orchards, 
in kitchen-gardens, or in some place by themselves, so as to admit of pro- 
perly cultivating the soil, and managing the plants. Roses, and all double- 
flowering shrubs, ought, in like manner, to be grown by themselves; and the 
same principle will apply to shrubs having any peculiarity in their foliage, and 
even in their mode of growth. The continuation of the peculiarity may not 
always require a rich soil ; on the contrary, it will generally be found to have 
been produced by a soil and situation of a peculiar nature: but ‘that peculi- 
arity of soil it is as much the object of art to imitate, asit is to form the rich 
soil, and favourable situation, which produce large or double flowers, or large 
and succulent fruit, or variegated leaves. Hence, to cultivate roses properly, 
they must be grown either in groups by themselves on a lawn, or in a flower- 
garden; or te connected into a system of groups or beds, in a rosarium, or 
rose-garden. On this subject, and on the pruning, and general treatment of 
roses, we must refer to the first edition of this work, where it will be found 
given at great length, illustrated with numerous diagrams, having reference to 
propagation, training, pruning, the formation of rosariums, for which several 
plans are given, and the destruction of insects. . 
Rosarium, or Rosetum.—Where it is intended to plant a collection of roses, 
the best effect will be produced by devoting a group to each section ; such as 
one to moss roses, another to Noisettes, a third to Scotch roses, &c. These 
groups ought generally to be planted with dwarfs rather than standards; be- 
cause the former are more conveniently looked upon by the spectator: but a 
handsome standard may, frequently, occupy the centre of each group, if it is 
a circle or a square; and two or three ina line, or radiating from a point, if 
it is of a long or an irregular form. Sometimes a group may be surrounded 
by a row of standards, which, in that case, should have clear stems, not less 
than 7 ft. high, through which the dwarf roses may be seen by persons walking 
round the group. Standard roses, in general, have the best effect when formed 
into an avenue along the margin of a walk; and for this purpose they are 
very suitable for common flower-gardens, where the groups, instead of being 
planted with dwarf roses, are filled with herbaceous plants. The sizes of the 
different groups in a rosarium ought to be proportioned to the number of va- 
rieties belonging to the section to be planted in each, the bulk which they 
attain, and their habit of growth. For these purposes, the Abridged List of 
iMeesrs, Rivers may be taken as a basis; and, as it contains 27 groups, these 
may pe represented by 27 beds of different dimensions. 
